





LIBRARY 


OF THE 


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 


RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE 


Class 





oe 


fe 


oe 
2) 

we 
Ay 

& 
SAS) 


BY: 
1900 


IN THE WRITINGS OF. 
‘A DISSERTATION 


‘ 


ONDITI 


WATERVILLE, MAINE 
MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY 


PRESEN TED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS- 





5 aaa dleeeeeneneeremen in os TE RI te ie te neta receperds 





Ek CONDITIONAL PERIOD 


IN THE WRITINGS OF 


Quintus Horatius Flaccus 


A DISSERTATION 


PRESHMN TED POR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOS: 
OPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN 1900 


BY 


WALLACE, STEDMAN ELDEN 





WATERVILLE, MAINE 
MAIL PUBLISHING COMPANY 


1900 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2008 with funding from 
Microsoft Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/conditionalperio00elderich 


Jn? 


12. 


iat CONDITIONAL, PERIOD 


IN THE WRITINGS OF 


Ouintus Horatins Flaceciuc 


ERRATA. 


Page line 23, for Johnson read Johanson. 
> bd re 
ae 


7h ae 2, ee 
“es 8, ce 21, “ 
“6 8, te 335 ras 


ce 12 ce Siler «e 
ce 18, ce Dis ce 


Aah aN table ESE 


ae 40, ee 22% ce 
ce 55> ce 25, ae 
ons 575 ae 28, ce 
ae 94, “ae 15, 


Treatment read 7rveatment. 1 

éu read ei. 

éc read ei. 

iufluence read zuflwence. 

autique read antique. 

differe read differre. 

nen read 7o2. 

virtnte read virtute. 

numvyuam read 2uwmquam. 

Sat. II, 5, 10-12 read Serm. L/, 5, 10-72. 


Roby: ‘The Conditional Sentence me batiren Ca ka Vola ile pp- 


197-198. 


Seaton: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. 


Vil5 op. 201. 


Sonnenschein: Notes on Conditional Sentences. CC. R. Vol. I. 


pp. 214-218. 


Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol. 


I, pp. 238-240. 


Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. 


Vol. VI, p. 199. 


442914 





Or 


(=) 


10. 


KY. 


Rabe CONDI TIGNAL, PERIOD 


IN THE WRITINGS OF 


Ouintus Horatius Flaccus. 


LITERATURE. 


1). The Classification of Conditional Sentences. 


Bayfield: The Conditional Sentence in Greek and Latin. C. 
R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202. 

Bayfield: Ccnditional Sentences in Greek and Latin. C. R. 
Vol. VI, pp. 90-92. 

Chambers: The Classification of Conditional Sentences; C. R. 
Vol. EX, p. 293: 

Clapp: Mr. Bayfield on Conditions Contrary to Fact. C. R. 
Vol. V, pp. 397-399. 

Harrison: Remarks on Mr. Bayfield’s Paper. C. R. Vol. IV, 
pp. 297-298. 

Mayor: Summary of Roby vs. Sonnenschein. C.R. Vol. I, pp- 
239-240. 

Polle: Die Bedingungssatze. N. J. 1891, pp. 264-266. 

Roby: ‘The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C.R. Vol. I, pp. 
197-198. 

Seaton: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. Vol. 
VIZ pe 200. 

Sonnenschein: Notes on Conditional Sentences. CC. R. Vol. I. 
pp. 214-218. 

Sonnenschein: The Conditional Sentence in Latin. C. R. Vol, 
I, pp. 238-240. 

Sonnenschein: Mr. Bayfield on Conditional Sentences. C. R. 
Vol. VI, p- 199. 


442914 


13. 


sys 


16. 


ire 


bo 


~l 


10. 


i. 


4 


Goodwin: On the Classification of Conditional Sentences in 
Greek. T. A. P. A. 1873, p. 60. (Summary in Proceed- 
ings, 1873, pp. 14-16.) 

Goodwin: Conditional Sentences in Greek Syntax. Jour. Phil. 
Vol. V, p. 186ff. 

Greenough: On Some Forms of Conditional Senteuces in Latin, 
Greek and Sanskrit. T. A. P. A. 1871, pp. 159-160. 

Lawton: Fourth Class Conditions. C. R. Vol. XIII, pp. 100- 
109. 

Morris: Some Forms of Greek Conditional Sentences. T. A. 
PAL VSi6., ‘Proceedings, pli: 


2). The Conditional Sentence in Particular Authors. 


Gunther: Die Formen der Hypothesis aus Livius entwickelt. 
Bromberg, 1871. 

Klintberg: De formis enunciatorum condicionalium apud Taci- 
tum. Holmiae, 1877. 

Liebig: Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz. Gorlitz, 1863. 

Lindskog: De enuntiatis apud Plautum et Terentium condi- 
cionalibus. 1895. 

Mansfeld: De enuntiatorum conditionalium apud_ elegiarum 
poetas latinos formatione. Halis Saxonum, 1879. 

Morgenroth: De condicionalium sententiarum apud Tacitum 
formatione. Salzungae, 1868. 

Rothheimer: De euuntiatis conditionalibus Plautinis. Got- 
tingae, 1876. 

Schroeter: Die Conditionalsatze des Dichters Lucrez. Wesel, 
1874. 

Hoppe: Der Conjunctivus der coniugatio periphrastica activa 
in indirecten Fragen und Bedingungssatzen und der Nomi- 
nativus cum infinitivo futuri activi bei Cicero. Gumbinnen, 
ioe) 

Priem: Die irrealen Bedingungssatze bei Cicero und Caesar. 
Philol. Supplem. V. 2, p. 297. 

Clapp: Conditional Sentences in Aeschylus. T. A. P. A., 
1887, p. 48—. 

Clapp: Conditional Sentences in the Greek Tragedians. T. 
AY. Po A., 1891, pp. sil—. 


>) | 


~l 


ita} 


10. 


3). Miscellaneous. 


/ 


Basse: Zusammenstellung des Wichtigsten aus der Lehre von 
den bypothetischen Satzen. Gumbinnen, 1861-62. 

Blase: De modorum temporumque in enuntiatis condicionalibus 
Latinis permutatione quaestiones selectae. Argentorati, 
1885. 

Blase: Geschichte des Irrealis im Lateinischen. Erlangen, 
1888. 

Blase: Zur Syntax der Bedingungssatze im _ Lateinischen. 
Strassburg. 1889. 

Blase: Der Konjunctiv des Prasens im  Bedingungssatze. 
Archiv, Vol. IX, pp. 17-45. 

Blase: Futura und Konjunctiv des Perfekts im Lateinischen. 
Archiv, Vol. X, pp. 313-343. 

Blase: Geschichte des Plusquamperfekts im  Lateinischen. 
Giessen, 1894. 

Ellendt: De formis enunciatorum conditionalium  linguae 
Latinae commentatio. Regimontii Prussorum, 1827. 

Greenough: Some Features of the Contrary to Fact Construc- 
tion. Harvard Studies, Vol. VII, p. 13—. 

Hale: The Syntax of General Conditions in Latin. T. A. P.A., 
1891, p. XXX VIJI— 

Johnson: De usu modorum in verbis debere, posse, sim, in 
primariis sententiis condicionalibus. Upsaliae, 1868. 

Lilie: Conjunctivischer Bedingungssatz bei indicativischem 
Hauptsatz im Lateinischen. Berlin, 1884. 

Patze: Ueber die Conditionalsatze der Lat. Sprache. Soest, 
1846. 

Procksch: Zum Irrealis Praeteriti. N. J. Vol. 137, pp. 866- 
867. 

Putsche: Ueber den hypothetischen Gebrauch des unabhangigen 
Conjunctiv und Indicativ ohne si. N. J. Vol. 72, pp. 177- 
LoD. 

Riess: De enunciatorum conditionalium linguae latinae formis 
ellipticis. Cassel, 1840. 

Stamm: Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen Irrealis. 
Ns Jie) Volanladsepe 4 1G. 

Stanko: Comment. de enune. condition. ling. lat. Monachii, 
1837 


23. 


Zimmermaun: Zum Gebrauch der tempora im abhangigen 
Trrealis. Philol. Vol. 48, pp. 376-379. 

O. Brugmann: Ueber den Gebrauch des condicionalen ni in 
der alteren Latinitat. Leipzig, 1887. 

Herzog: De singulari particularum nisi et ni significatione et 
proprietate. 1859. 

Loschke: Vom Gebrauch der Partikeln nist und sz non. 
Bantzen, 18438. 

C. F. W. Miller: Ueber den Gebrauch von sive. Berlin, 
1871. 


Abbreviations. 


A. J.P. American Journal of Philology. 

C. R. Classical Review. 

Jour. Phil. The Journal of Philology. 

N. J. Neue Jahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Paedagogik. 

Philol. Philologus. 

R. M. Rheinisches Museum fir Philologie. 

T. A. P. A. Transactions of the American Philological Association. 


—— 


~l 


INTRODUCTION. 


4). Value of the Historical Method of Syntactical Treatment. 


The study of the use of a particular syntactical construction by in- 
dividual authors, or of the employment of a certain construction 
throughout the whole of Latin literature, has a threefold value. Not 
only does it furnish a basis for the scientific criticism and emendation 
of the text of the individual writer, but also, from an examination and 
comparison of the results obtained in the case of single authors, we are 
enabled to derive much information as to the origin and development 
of a construction and to establish a fixed standard of grammatical usage 
for the language as a whole. 


5). Classification of Conditional Sentences. 


A complete history of the conditional sentence in Latin would throw 
much light upon the vexed question as to the proper system of classifi- 
cation of such sentences. Many and conflicting views have been held. 

Liebig: Die hypothetischen Satze bei Terenz, Gorlitz, 1863, pp. 3-4, 
gives a summary of the methods followed prior to the appearance of 
his monograph. 

The traditional method of classification recognizes three classes ac- 
cording to the varying degrees of reality, of possibility, of probability, 
or of unreality implied in the condition; but there is a wide divergency 
of opinion among grammarians as to what the true implication of the 
various forms really is.” 

Another element is introduced by those who make a distinction as to 
whether the possibility of the occurrence of a supposed case is to be 
thought of as objective or subjective. 


1 For the literature on the Historical Syntax of the Latin language cf. 
Schmalz, Lat. Gram. pp. 202-213, Dritte Auflage, 1900. 

At present the most comprehensive work dealing with Latin syntax 
along historical lines is Drager’s Historische Syntax der lateinischen 
Sprache, Leipzig, 1878-81. Although of great value, it is however by no 
means complete nor exhaustive. 

2 For an interesting discussion of this question cf. the articles in the 
Classical Review referred to in § I. 


A. FOUR CLASSES. 


Liebig (quoted above) and Schroeter, Die Conditionalsatze des 
Dichters Lucrez, Wesel, 1S74, recognize this distinction and, explain- 
ing the Latin conditional sentence after the analogy of the Greek, make 
four classes corresponding to the fourfold division of the Greek con- 
ditional period. Schroeter characterizes the separate classes as 
follows : 

1). ‘*Behandeln wir zuerst diejenigen Falle, in denen der bedingende 
sowohl als auch der bedingte Satz als gewiss, mit der Wirklichkeit 
iibereinstimmend gedacht oder dargestellt wird, gleichviel ob der 
Redende von der Wahrheit desselben tiberzeugt ist oder nicht. Als 


2 


Modus dient der Indicativ. ’ 


2). OBJECTIVE MOGLICHKEIT. ‘Behandeln wir nun in der 
zweiten Klasse diejenigen Beispiele, in welchen aus dem wahrschein- 
lichen oder erwarteten Eintritt irgend eines gedachten Falles etwas 
vefolgert wird, das sich ergeben wird oder soll.” 

In this class Schroeter places conditious with a Future tense of the 
Indicative in one or both members. 


3). SUBJECTIVE MOGLICHKEIT. ‘:Kommen wir nun zu 
denjenigen Beispielen, welche im Bedingungs—wie im Folgeglied den 
Cj. Pr. oder Pf. aufweisen, somit den griechischen Satzen mit & und 
dem Optativ, Nachsatz Optativ mit 4 entsprechen. Durch sie wird 
die Bedingung ohne Riicksicht auf die Wirklichkeit oder die objective 
Moelichkeit des Eintritts uur als eine Vorstellung des Redenden, als 
ein der Ansicht des Redenden nach moglicher Grund oder als die sub- 
jective Voraussetzung bezeichnet, unter welcher der zweite Satz sich 
verwirklichen konne.” 

4). ‘+Unter der vierten Klasse der hypothetischen Satze pflegt man 
im Griechischen diejenigen zu begreifen, die ein Urtheil des Indivi- 
duums tiber die Unmoglichkeit oder Unuwahrscheinlichkeit des als 
Annahme Gesetzten involviren. 

Dies Urtheil auszudriicken, bedient sich der Grieche im Vordersatze 
der Partikel é& mit dem Indicativ eines Praeteriti im Folgesatz des In- 
dicativ Praeteriti mit 4”; der Lateiner aber walhilte, weil der Be- 
dingungssatz nur eine von aller Wirklichkeit freie Annahme, der be- 
dingte hingegen eine Folge gleicher Art enthalt, den Conj. des Imperf. 
und Plusq. nach Aufopferung der urspriinglichen modalen und 
temporalen Bedeutung Beider.”’ 

The division into four classes had also been received by Ellendt, De 


formis enunciatorom conditionalium linguae latinae, Konigsberg, 1827, 
and by others. 

We find, however, among those who adopt this classification a 
difference of opinion as to what forms in Latin correspond to the Greek 
sentences with édv, 

Polle, N. J. 1891. pp. 264-266, also proposes a fourfold classifi- 
cation, but on a somewhat different basis: 

1). The theoretical case: st habeo, do. 

2). The practical case: si habebo, dabo. 
3). The potential case: s7 habeam, dem. 
4). The unreal case: si haberem, darem. 


B. THREE CLASSES. 


Very often a division into three classes has been made. So Zumpt, 
Lat. Gram. § § 524-525; his classification follows : 

1). ‘*Beide Satzglieder werden als wirklich, als thatsachlich, ohne 
Andeutung einer Vorstellung, ausgesprochen. Dann steht in beiden, 
sowohl dem Bedingungs—wie dem Folgerungssatze der Indicativ.”’ 

2). ‘*Beide Satze werden als Vorstellung ausgesprochen, aber 
zugleich wird die Moglichkeit angedeutet, dass die Wirklichkeit ihr 
entspricht oder entsprechen kann. Dann stehen die Conjunctive des 
Prasens oder Perfectum.” 

3). ‘*Beide Satze werden als Vorstellung ausgesprochen, aber mit 
der Andeutung, dass die Wirklichkeit nicht entspricht oder nicht 
entsprechen kann, dass der angenommene Fall und also auch die 
daraus gezogene Folgerung unmoglich ist. Dann stehen die Conjunc- 
tive der Prateriten, des Imperfectum oder Plusquamperfectum.”’ 

This is also the classification of Harkness in his School Grammar, § 
573. Kiihner, Ausfihrliche Grammatik der lat. Sprache, § 214, 2, 
includes the Imperfect Subjunctive in the second class in certain cases 
denoting a doubtful possibility. 

Bennett, Lat. Gram. § § 301-304, also makes three classes, but 
thinks that in Indicative conditions nothing is implied as to the reality 
of the supposed case. This view has for some time been quite gen- 
erally held, and it seems entirely justifiable when we consider such 
sentences as Cic. pro Clu. 62: ‘*redargue me si mentior.” Pro 
Milone, 91: ‘‘excitate eum, si potestis ab inferis.”” Cf. also Hor. Od. 
IIT, 5, 31-36. 


bo 


10 


Priem, Philol. Supplen V, 2 (1885), p. 297—, even maintains 
that the past tenses of the Indicative may, exceptionally, express 
uureality. 

In reference to the Present Subjunctive in conditions Madvig, Lat. 
Gram. § 347, b, says: ‘+ The Present Subjunctive is employed when 
a condition that is still possible is assumed as occurring now or at 
some future time, while it is at the same time intimated that it will not 
actually occur.” 

Others, (cf. Sonnenschein, C. R. Vol. I, p. 124), deny that the 
Present Subjunctive implies the possibility of the occurrence of the 
supposed case. 

Gildersleeve, Lat. Gram. § § 596-599, makes three divisions which 
he calls ¢* Logical, Ideal, Unreal.” 

Allen and Greenough, Lat. Gram. § 305, following the example of 
Goodwin in his classification of Greek conditional sentences, take the 
connotation of time as the basis of their classification and recognize 
three classes, which virtually amount to four, as Future Conditions are 
subdivided into More or Less Vivid Conditions, expressed respectively 
by a future tense of the Indicative, or by the Present or Perfect Sub- 
junctive. 

Bayfield, C. R. Vol. IV, pp. 200-202, advocates a similar classifi- 
cation, and argues against the contrary to fact implication of the past 
tenses of the Subjunctive. 


C. TWO CLASSES. 


Sonnenschein, Lat. Gram. § 853, assigns conditional sentences to 
two main classes in accordance with a theory which he states in C. fh. 
Vol. I. pp. 238-259. 

1). Class A. ‘*Those in which the If-clause does not imply any- 
thing as to the fact, or fulfilment of the condition (Open Condition), 
and the Principal clause does not speak of what would be or would have 
been. The If-clause takes the Indicative.” 

2). Class B. ‘*Those in which the If-clause implies a negative 
(Rejected Condition ), and the Principal clause speaks of what would 
be or would have been. The Subjunctive in both clauses.” 

To these two main divisions he adds a third class, Class C, other- 
wise resembling Class A, but in which the Subjunctive is used in the 
If-clause, instead of the Indicative, to mark an action as merely con- 
ceived, contemplated, or in prospect. 


1] 


Roby, Lat. Gram. § § 1559-1551, also distinguishes two main 
classes : 
1). ‘In the Indicative or Imperative mood, a condition is put simply 
without its being implied that it does, or does not, occur.” 
2). ‘*A conditional Subjunctive expresses an action, whose non- 
occurrence is implied, but which is supposed to occur as the condition 
of another supposed action.” 

Finally, Lane, Lat. Gram. § § 2022-2024, divides conditional sen- 
tences into two classes : 
1). Indeterminate Protases, i.e. such as merely suppose an action, 
without implying either its occurrence or non-occurrence. These are 
subdivided into: 
a). Indicative Use; any tense of the Indicative required by the sense, 
b). Subjunctive Use; Present Subjunctive, less frequently the Perfect 
Subjunctive. 
2). Protases of Action Non-Occurrent, i. e. such as suppose action 
not taking place. Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 

The whole Period, like the Protasis, is either an Indeterminate 
Period, or a Period of Action Non-Occurrent. 


CONCLUSION. 


6). Enough has been said to show the existing state of uncertainty 
as to the classification of the Conditional Sentence, and to emphasize 
the need of a thorough treatment from the historical point of view. 

Thus far, Blase’s Geschichte des Irrealis im Lateinischen, Erlangen, 
1888, is the only work, covering any considerable part of the ground, 
that is based on historic principles. As regards the other forms this 
work still remains to be done, although valuable contributions to the 
subject have been made in various articles and monographs, and the 
use of the Conditional Sentence in the case of individual poets and 
prose writers has been carefully dealt with by different scholars. 

In regard to the Conditional Sentence, Morris, in his review of 
Lane’s Grammar, d. J. P. Vol. X_X, pp. 320-328, says in substance : 
If we suppose that the essential characteristic of conditional sentences 
is the implication of reality, probability, possibility and their opposites, 
we must also allow that certain other characteristics, as time, generali- 
zation, vividuess, emotion, although incidental, may have a greater or 
less influence upon this implication. Still other elements, too, as the 
person and meaning of the verb, and the presence of certain adverbs, 
seem, in certain cases, to have an effect upon the meaning implied in 
the condition, although at present hardly anything is known in regard 
to the force of these forms. 

Until a complete history of the Conditional Sentence throughout 
Latin literature has been written, such as shall trace its development 
from the earliest times to the latest, many points which are now a 
matter of doubt must necessarily remain obscure. 

In view of these considerations we must conclude with Prof. Morris, 
that Lane’s system of classification both sets aside all classification 
based upon accidental characteristics, and at the same time lays the 
only possible basis for the observation of the elements which may have 
an iufluence upon the meaning implied in the condition. 

This method, then, [ have, in the main, adopted in my Classification 
of the Conditional Sentence in the writings of Horace. I have, in 
most instances, followed the text of Keller and Holder, although I have 
not hesitated to depart from it in certain cases, especially where these 
editors seem to have allowed too little weight to the authority of the 
Blandinian manuscripts. 


GENE? PER «i, 
Indeterminate Protases. A. Indicative Use. 


7). A Conditional Period is a complete sentence consisting of two 
parts, expressed or implied; the Protasis, or subordinate clause, con- 
taining the condition and the Apodosis, or principal clause, containing 
the conclusion. 

The Protasis is usually, although not necessarily, introduced by a 

conditional particle, as si, nisi, ni. ( For Protases introduced by sive 
cf. Chap. v). 
8). The Conditional Period is an evolution from an early paratactic 
stage of language, in which there was an absence of subordinate clauses 
and sentences, containing each a thought complete in and of itself, were 
placed in juxtaposition without connecting links, e. g. habet, dat; he 
has, he gives. 

Now we can scarcely conceive of such a juxtaposition in which the 
clauses are absolutely independent of each other. The very fact that 
they are thus placed together implies a connection in thought between 
them.? 

As language became more highly developed, this logical relation 
gradually came to be expressed by means of particles, and we pass 
from Parataxis, or Coordination, to Hypotaxis, or Subordination. 
Thus, taking the example quoted above, habet, dat; he has, he gives, 
when it is clear from the connection that the first sentence denotes an 
assumption, and is related to the second sentence as condition to conse- 
quence, this relation is expressed by si, and we have si habet, dat; if 
he has, he gives. 

In sentences like st habeat, det, the Subjunctive of the Protasis was 


1Paul, Principles of the History of Language. Engl. Transl. p. 144. 
‘“Pure Parataxis, i. e. where instead of one sentence determining the 
other, the two reciprocally determine each other, exists only between 
parallel sentences, whether the thoughts conjoined be of analogous or con- 
trary import; e. g ‘he is blind, she is deaf,’ ‘he laughs, she cries.’ ” 


14 


originally Jussive, that of the Apodosis the so-called Potential.? In its 
early paratactic form the sentence would have been habeat, det, let him 
have (2. e. assuming he should have), he would give. 

Conditional Periods of Action Non-Occurrent of the type si haberet- 
daret, probably had their origin in a shifting of tenses which took place 
early in the history of the language. Originally the Present Subjune- 
tive was used in present conditions contrary to fact,” as well as in In- 
determinate Periods ; and the Imperfect Subjunctive was employed 
merely as a Potential of the past. Gradually, for the sake of clear- 
ness,,the Imperfect took the place of the Present in contrary to fact 
conditions in present time, and the Pluperfect replaced the Imperfect. 
Thus both the Imperect and the Pluperfect Subjunctive came to have 
a notion of unreality which originally did not belong to them, and the 
Present Subjunctive was confined to the sphere of the potential. (cf. 
Schmalz, Lat. Gram. § 338.) 

Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 396, thinks that the Protasis in sen- 
tences of this type may originally have been an Optative, i. e. sz adesset, 
bene esset ; lit. ** O that he were here! it would be well.” 

9). An Indeterminate Period is a conditional period in which the 
Protasis merely supposes an action, without implying that it does, or 
does not, occur. 

Indeterminate Periods may be divided into two classes : 

1. Any tense of the Indicative in the Protasis, the mood and tense of 
the Apodosis being determined by the sense. 

2. The Present or Perfect Subjunctive in the Protasis, the Apodosis 
usually in the Present Subjunctive. 

The following combinations with an Indicative Protasis occur in 
Horace: 


I. Protasis in the Present Indicative. 


1¢). 1. Apodosis in the Present Indicative. 
This combination is common in all periods of the language. 


‘ Professor Hale calls the Subjunctive in the Apodosis of sentences of 
this type the ‘‘ Subjunctiye of Ideal Certainty,’’ Professor Bennett the 
‘““Subjunctive of Contingent Futurity.’’ Various other uses of the Inde- 
pendent Subjunctive are also found in the Apodosis of sentences of this 
class. 


* This usage is attested from Plautus and is occasionally found later in 
poet:y as an archaism. 


15 


A. 1). The Protasis is introduced by s?. 
a). First Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 4, 101-108 


Quod vitium procul afore chartis, 
atque animo prius, ut siquid promittere de me 
possum aliud vere, promitto. 
The construction is: ut (promitto), siquid aliud vere de me pronutterc 
possum (ita) promitto afore, etc. 


Serm. I, 4, 116-119 


mi satis est, si 
traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque, 
dum custodis eges, vitam famamque tueri 
incolumem possum ; 


Serm. II, 3, 188-190 


‘Et aequam 
rem imperito, ac si cui videor non iustus, inulto 
dicere quod sentit permitto.’ 


Serm. IT, 6, 8-13 


si veneror stultus nihil horum: ‘o si angulus ille 
proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum! 

o si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi, 
thesauro invento qui mercennarius agrum 

illum ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico 

Hercule!’ si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro: 


Serm. II, 7, 102 
Nil ego, si ducor libo fumante: 
A. P. 55-56 


Ego cur, adquirere pauca 
si possum, invideor, 


A. P. 86-87 


Descriptas servare vices operumque colores 
cur ego si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salutor? 


b). Second Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 6, 39 
Dixeris: ‘experiar’: ‘si vis, potes’ addit et instat. 
Epist. I, 2, 70-71 


Quodsi cessas aut strenuus anteis, 
nec tardum opperior nec praecedentibus insto. 


16 


Epist. I, 12, 1-3 


Fructibus Agrippae Siculis, quos colligis, Icci. 
Si recte frueris, non est ut copia maior 
ab Tove donari possit tibi. 


Epist. 15) 06, 07 
Tu recte vivis, si curas esse quod audis. 
Bpist, Jy 1, 124-125 


militiae quamquam piger et malus, utilis urbi, 
si das hoc, parvis quoque rebus magna iuvari. 


A. P. 102-103 


si vis me flere, dolendum est 
primum ipsi tibi: 
No Jes Ievtelng 


si plosoris eges aulaea manentis et usque 
sessuri, donec cantor ‘ vos plaudite’ dicat, 
aetatis cuiusque notandi sunt tibi mores, 
mobilibusque decor naturis dandus et annis. 


c). Third Persor Singular. 
Od. I, 1, 7-8 


Hune, si mobilium turba Quiritium 
Certat tergeminis tollere honoribus; 


Od. I, 1, 29-34 


Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium 
Dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus 
Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori 
Secernunt populo, si neque tibias 
Euterpe cohibet nec Polyhymnia 
Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. 


Od 15, 78 


Non, siquid Pholoen satis 
Et te, Chlori, decet : 


Od. III, 29, 29-32 


Prudens futuri temporis exitum 
Caliginosa nocte premit deus 
Ridetque, si mortalis ultra 
Fas trepidat. 


Od E29.) 53-96 


Laudo manentem; si celeris quatit 
Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea 
Virtute me involvyo probamque 
Pauperiem sine dote quaero. 


Od IVi9 950 
Non, si priores Maeonius tenet 
Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent 

C. 8. 65-68 
Si Palatinas videt aequos aras, 
Remque Romanam Latiumque felix 
Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper 

Prorogat aevom. 
Serm. I, 2, 83-85 


Adde huc quod mercem sine fucis gestat, aperte 
quod venale habet ostendit, neque, siquid honesti est, 
iactat habetque palam, quaerit quo turpia celet. 


Serm. I, 3, 44-47 


Strabonem 
appellat paetum pater, et pullum, male parvos 
si cui filius est, ut abortivus fuit olim 
Sisyphus ; 


Serm. I, 3, 124-126 
Si dives, qui sapiens est, 
et sutor bonus et solus formosus et est rex : 
cur optas quod habes ? 
Serm. II, 3, 74-76 
Si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene sani, 
putidius multo cerebrum est, mihi crede, Perelli 
dictantis, quod tu numquam rescribere possis. 
Serm. II, 3, 126-128 
Quare, 
si quidvis satis est, periuras, surripis, aufers 
undique? 
Serm. I], 6, 13 


si, quod adest, gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro: 


Serm. II, 6, 78-79 


Siquis nam laudat Arelli 
sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit : 


Epist. I, 1, 95-97 
si forte subucula pexae 
trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar, 


rides: 


3 


Epist. I, 2, 37-39 
Nam cur, 
quae laedunt oculum, festinas demere: siquid 
est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum? 


Epist. I, 2, 49-50 
valeat possessor oportet, 
si comportatis rebus bene cogitat uti. 


E,pish. jl.) 20-20 
Nam si ratio et prudentia curas, 


non locus effusi late maris arbiter aufert, 
caelum, non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt. 


pista), 12, 12-0 
Miramur, si Democriti pecus edit agellos 
cultaque, 


Epist. I, 14, 29-30 


addit opus pigro rivus, si decidit imber, 
multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato. 


Epist. I, 18, 54-57 

denique saevam 
militiam puer et Cantabrica bella tulisti 
sub duce qui templis Parthorum signa refigit 
nunc, et, siquid abest, Italis adiudicat armis. 


Epist. II, 1, 64-65 


Si veteres ita miratur laudatque poetas, 
ut nihil anteferat, nihil illis comparet, errat; 


Epist. II, 1, 66-68 


Si quaedam nimis autique, si pleraque dure 
dicere credit eos, ignave multa fatetur, 
et sapit et mecum facit et ove iudicat aequo. 


Epist. II, 2, 158-162 


Si proprium est, quod quis libra mercatus et aerest, 
quaedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus: 

qui te pascit ager, tuus est, et vilicus Orbi, 

cum segetes occat tibi mox frumenta daturus, 

te dominum sentit. 


Hipist. UL, 2, 177-179 
quid vici prosunt aut horrea? Quidve Calabris 


saltibus adiecti Lucani, si metit Orcus 
grandia cum parvis, non exorabilis auro? 


AS Ps 19-21 
Et fortasse cupressum 
scis simulare; quid hoc, si fractis enatat expes 
navibus, aere dato qui pingitur? 


Ae. Sil 


In vitium ducit culpae fuga, si caret arte. 


A. P. 95-98 


et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pedestri 
Telephus et Peleus, cum pauper et exul uterque 
proicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba, 

si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querella. 


A. P. 248-250 


offenduntur enim quibus est equos et pater et res, 
nec siquid fricti ciceris probat et nucis emptor 
aequis accipiunt animis donantve corona. 


A. P. 354-356 


Ut scriptor si peccat idem librarius usque, 
quamvis est monitus, venia caret, et citharoedus 
ridetur, chorda qui semper oberrat eadem : 


d). Third Person Plural. 


Od. III, 24, 35-44 


Quid leges sine moribus 

Vanae proficiunt, si neque fervidis 
Pars inclusa caloribus 

Mundi nec Boreae finitimum latus 
Durataeque solo nives 

Mercatorem abigunt, horrida callidi 
Vincunt aequora navitae, 

Magnum pauperies obprobrium iubet 
Quidvis et facere et pati 

Virtutisque viam deserit arduae? 


Fpist. I, 15, 39-41 
“non hercule miror,’ 
aiebat, ‘siqui comedunt bona, cum sit obeso 
nil melius turdo, nil volva pulchrius ampla.’ 


Epist. LI, 1, 28-30 


Si, quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque 
scripta vel optima, Romani pensantur eadem 
scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur : 


20 


kB. Protasis introduced by si non. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. III, 24, 35-34 
Quid tristes querimoniae, 
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ? 
Hpist. I, 1, 32 
Est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra. 
Kpist. I, 1, 87-89 
Lectus genialis in aula est: 


nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita; 
si non est, iurat bene solis esse maritis. 


Epist. I, 11, 29-30 
Quod petis, hic est, 
est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus. 
C. Protasis introduced by nisz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 133-136 
Vellunt tibi barbam 
lascivi pueri, quos tu nisi fuste coerces, 
urgeris turba circum te stante miserque 
rumperis et latras, magnorum maxime regum. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 85-89 
acerbus 
odisti et fugis ut Rusonem debitor aeris, 
qui nisi, cum tristes misero venere Kalendae, 
mercedem aut nummos unde unde extricat, amaras 
porrecto iugulo historias captivus ut audit. 


wpist. I, 2, 62-63 
Ira furor brevis est: animum rege; qui nisi paret, 
imperat: hunc frenis, hune tu compesce catena. 
D. Protasis introduced by nz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 1, 44 
At ni id fit, quid habet pulchri constructus acervus? 
2). The Present is sometimes loosely used of future time. 
A, Protasis introduced by si. 
a). First Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 7, 34-36 
Hac ego si compellor imagine, cuncta resigno ; 
nec somnum plebis laudo satur altilium nec 
otia divitiis Arabum liberrima muto. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Od* EL, U7, 5=8 


A! te meae si partem animae rapit 
Maturior vis, quid moror altera, 
Nec carus aeque nec superstes 
Integer? 


11). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. 
1. A state or condition, assumed as existing in the present, i 


n 


represented as the result of action performed in the past. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 6, 69-71 
purus et insons, 


ut me coniaudem, si et vivo carus amicis: 
causa fuit pater his, 


b). Second Person Singular. 


Epist. II, 2, 23-24 
Quid tum profeci, mecum facientia iura 
si tamen adtemptas ? 


c). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 6, 65-71 
Atqui si vitiis mediocribus ac mea paucis 
mendosast natura, alioqui recta,..... 
causa fuit pater his, 


2. The Perfect of a Preteritive Verb stands in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). ‘Third Person Singular. 
Epist. I, 10, 12-14 
Vivere naturae si convenienter oportet, 
ponendaeque domo quaerenda est area primum, 
novistine locum potiorem rure beato? 


12). Apodosis in the Future Indicative. 

This combination is very common in Plautusand Terence, occurring 
much more frequently than s7 with Fut.-Fut., the proportion being 
about 2-1 for the former, and 3-1 for the latter. 


22 


In Cato, de Agr., Auct. ad Her., and Varro, R. R., on the other 
hand, only a few instances of si est-erit are found, while s7 erit-erit is of 
frequent occurrence. 

In Cicero also the latter combination predominates, and the same is 
true of Lucretius, Horace, the Elegiac Poets, Vitruvius, Columella, 
and Quintilian. 

Si with Pres.-Fut. (si est-erit) is the more common in Sallust, Livy 
in his speeches and Seneca, de Ben. In late Latin there is a return 
to the usage of Plautus and Terence, and si with Fut.-Fut. becomes 
comparatively rare. 

Si erit-est does not occur in Varro, Sallust, Horace, Catullus, and 
Tibullus, and in general is much less often found than either of the 
other two combinations. 


1. The Present denotes present time. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Ode aie Or iiait 


8 
Non, si male nunc, et olim 
Sicient= 


Epod. 15, 12-14 
Nam siquid in Flacco viri est, 
Non feret assiduas potiori te dare noctes 
Et quaeret iratus parem, 
2. The Present refers not strictly to present time, but is used 
in a general sense. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Ode TVs 1, 9-12 
Tempestivius in domum 
Pauli, purpureis ales oloribus 


Comissabere Maximi, 
Si torrere iecur quaeris idoneum : 


Kpist. I, 5, 1-3 


Si potes Archiacis conviva recumbere lectis 
1ec modica cenare times holus omne patella, 
supremo te sole domi, Torquate, manebo. 


Epist. i 12. 4-9 
Si forte in medio positorum apstemius herbis 
vivis et urtica, sic vives protinus ut te 
confestim Hquidus Fortunae rivus inauret, 


bo 
oo 


b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. III, 5, 31-33 


Si pugnat extricata densis 
Cerva plagis, erit ille fortis, 
Qui perfidis se credidit hostibus 
Od. III, 24, 5-8 


Si figit adamantinos 

Summis verticibus dira Necessitas 
Clavos, non animum metu, 

Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. 


Sermo il, 4. a2 
AA ae siquid crassi est, tenuabitur aura, 
Epist. I, 12, 5-6 
Si ventri bene, si lateri est pedibusque tuis, nil 
divitiae poterunt regales addere maius. 
Epist. I, 17, 6-8 
Si te grata quies et primam somnus in horam 


delectat, si te pulvis strepitusque rotarum, 
si laedit caupona, Ferentinum ire inbebo. 


A. P. 48-51 
Si forte necesse est, 
indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum, 
fingere cinctutis non exaudita Cethegis 
continget dabiturque licentia sumpta pudenter, 


3. The Present has future meaning. 
A. Protasis introduced by nisz. 
a). First Person Plural. 
Serm. II, 8, 34 
‘nos nisi? damnose bibimus, moriemur inulti,’ 
B. Protasis introduced by nv. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
SeLmMaellewoemleal 
‘ni tua custodis, avidus iam haec auferet heres.’ 
Serm,. Ll, 7, 117-118 


Ocius hinc te 
ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino. 


24 


b). ‘Third Person Singular. 
erm. IT, 3, Vod-154 
‘Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque 
ingens accedit stomacho fultura ruenti. 
4. The Future has imperative force. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Ode AV 12, 14216 
Sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum 
Si gestis, iuvenum nobilium cliens, 
Nardo vina merebere. 
Epist. I, 7, 2-5 
Atqui, 
si me vivere vis sanum recteque valentem, 
quam mihi das aegro, dabis aegrotare timenti, 
Maecenas, veniam: 
Hpist. I, 7, 32-33 
cui mustela procul ‘ si vis’ ait ‘ effugere istinc, 
macra Cavum repetes artum, quem macra subisti.’ 


13).  Apodosis in the Imperative. 


Si with Pres.-Impv., often in Plautus, not uncommon in Terence. 
Occurs in Cicero, Caesar and Sallust: once only in Lucretius, 17, 1042. 
In the Elegiae Poets, Catullus 4, Tibullus 6, Propertius 8, Ovid 114. 

In Cicero the Future Imperative is more common in this combina- 
tion than the Present Imperative, cf. Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, 
p. 706. On the other hand in the 114 instances in Ovid, the Future 
Imperative occurs only three times, once only in Propertius, cf. 
Ler. Hun. 106; Ad. 970. 


1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s?. 
a). Secoad Person Singular. 
Od LV, i2, 21-22 


Ad quae si properas gaudia, cum tua 
Velox merce veni: 


Serm. I, 9, 38 


‘Si me amas,’ inquit, ‘ paulum hic ades.’ 


Sony JOE Si 108} 
Sparge subinde et, si paulum potes, inlacrimare : 
Serm. II, 7, 38-39 
‘duci ventre levem, nasum nidore supinor, 
inbecillus, iners, siquid vis, adde, popino. 
The conditional period siquid vis, adde, popino may be considered as 
parenthetic. 


Epist. I, 5, 6 
Si melius quid habes, arcesse, vel imperium fer. 


Fpist. I, 9, 11-13 
Quodsi 
depositum laudas ob amici iussa pudorem, 
scribe tui gregis hunc et fortem crede bonumque. 


Epist. II, 1, 214-218 


Verum age et his, qui se lectori credere malunt 
quam spectatoris fastidia ferre superbi, 

curam redde brevem, si munus Apolline dignum 
vis complere libris et vatibus addere calcar, 

ut studio maiore petant Helicona virentem. 


Epist. IT, 2, 213 
Vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis. 
b). Third Person Singular. 
C. S. 37-48 


Roma si vestrum est opus Iliaeque 

Litus Etruscum tenuere turmae, 

Iussa pars mutare Lares et urbem 
Sospite cursu, 


Cui per ardentem sine fraude Troiam 
Castus Aeneas patriae superstes 
Liberum munivit iter, daturus 

Plura relictis: 


Di, probos mores docili iuventae, 

Di, senectuti placidae quietem, 

Romulae genti date remque prolemque 
Et decus omne; 


Ser El. 1 hO- be 


Aut si tantus amor scribendi te rapit, aude 
Caesaris invicti res dicere, multa laborum 
praemia laturus.’ 


a 


26 


Epist. I, 6, 28-29 
Si latus aut renes morbo temptantur acuto, 
quaere fugam morbi. 
Fpist. I, 6, 29-31 
Vis recte vivere (quis non?): 
si virtus hoc una potest dare, fortis omissis 
hoc age deliciis. 
2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Epist. I, 7, 69-70 
‘Sic ignovisse putato 


me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.’ 


NoTtE. The Present Indicative refers to the future in Serm. IT, 5, 103. 
LEDER My Op HB SUS Thy Ge Oe 


14). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive. 

The Apodosis may contain a wish, a command or an exhortation, a 
modest assertion, a question with negative force, etc., and thus have 
its verb in the Subjunctive without any effect upon the mood of the 
Protasis. 

1. Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 8, 37-39 
Mentior at siquid, merdis caput inquiner albis 
corvorum atque in me veniat mictum atque cacatum 
Iulius, et fragilis Pediatia furque Voranus. 
Serm. I, 9, 38-40 


“Inteream, si 
aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura: 


et propero quo scis.’ 
b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. III, 1%, 1-8 


Faune, Nympharum fugientum amator, 
Per meos finis et aprica rura 
Lenis incedas abeasque parvis 

Aequos alumnis, 
Si tener pleno cadit haedus anno, 
Larga nec desunt Veneris sodali 
Vina craterae, vetus ara multo 

Fumat odore. 


bo 
~I 


ec). Third Person Plural. 
Od- L156, 9=12 


Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, 

Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi 

Flumen et regnata petam Laconi 
Rura Phalantho. 


Or petam may be taken as Future Indicative. 

2. Hortatory Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 

a). Third Person Singular. 


Od-- Ih, 24, 45-50 
Vel nos in Capitolium, 
Quo clamor vocat et turba faventium, 
Vel nos in mare proximum 
Gemmas et lapides aurum et inutile, 
Summi materiem mali, 
Mittamus, scelerum si bene paenitet. 
Fpist. I, 6, 49-50 
Si fortunatum species et gratia praestat, 
mercemur servum, qui dictet nomina, 
Epist. I, 6, 56-57 
Si bene qui cenat bene vivit, lucet, eamus 
quo ducit gula, piscemur, venemur, 
b). First Person Plural. 
Fpist. I, 3, 28-29 
Hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli, 
Si patriae volumus, si nobis vivere cari. 


3. Jussive Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
A. P. 120-122 


Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achillem, 
impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer 
iura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis. 


AG Poi25-127 
Siquid inexpertum scaenae committis et audes 


personam formare novam, servetur ad imum, 
qualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


28 


Epist. I, 6, 46-48 
Ergo 
si res sola potest facere et servare beatum, 
hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postremus omittas. 


Epist. I, 6, 65-66 
Si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore iocisque 
nil est iucundum, vivas in amore iocisque. 


4. Subjunctive in a modest assertion. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Epist. II, 1, 34-35 


Si meliora dies, ut vina, poemata reddit, 
scire velim, chartis pretium quotus adroget annus. 


5. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question. 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. III, 1, 41-48 


Ouodsi dolentem nec Phrygius lapis 
Nec purpurarum sidere clarior 
Delenit usus nec Falerna 
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum : 
Cur invidendis postibus et novo 
Sublime ritu moliar atrium ? 
Cur valle permutem Sabina 
Divitias operosiores? 


Serm. I, 2, 116-118 
Tument tibi cum inguina, 
num, si 
ancilla aut verna est praesto puer, impetus in quem 
continuo fiat, malis tentigine rumpi? 


6. Subjunctive due to the hypothetical force of the clause 
which it stands. 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


A. P. 457-460 


hic dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat, 

si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps 

in puteum foveamve, licet ‘ succurrite’ longum 
clamet ‘io cives!’ non sit qui tollere curet. 


in 


29 


«. Subjunctive after miror. (Cf. § 119). 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 1, 86-87 
Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas, 
si nemo praestet quem non merearis amorem ? 


II. Protasis in the Perfect Indicative. 


15). Apodosis in the Present Indicative. 
Si with Perf.-Pres. is of frequent occurrence. It is a favorite com- 
bination with Lucretius who employs it 20 times. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 4, 91-93 
ego si risi, quod ineptus 
pastillos Rufillus olet, Gargonius hircum, 
lividus et mordax videor tibi? 


Serm. II, 6, 6-13 


Si neque maiorem feci ratione mala rem, 
nec sum facturus vitio culpave minorem; 


Ages fone hac prece te oro: 
Epist. I, 1, 94-95 
Si curatus inaequali tonsore capillos 
occurri, rides; 
Epist. I, 19, 41-44 
‘ Spissis indigna theatris 
scripta pudet recitare et nugis addere pondus’ 
si dixi, ‘rides’ ait ‘et Iovis auribus ista 
servas: 
b). Second Person Singular 
Serm. II, 7, 29-32 
Si nusquam es forte vocatus 
ad cenam, laudas securum holus ac, velut usquam 
vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque 
quod nusquam tibi sit potandum. 
c). Third Person Singular. 
Od. I, 1, 9-10 


Illum, si proprio condidit horreo 
Quicquid de Libycis verritur areis. 


30 


Serm. I, 1, 80-83 


At si condoluit temptatum frigore corpus 
aut alius casus lecto te adflixit, habes qui 
adsideat, fomenta paret, medicum roget, ut te 
suscitet ac reddat gnatis carisque propinquis? 


Serm. II, 3, 321-322 


Adde poemata nunc, hoc est, oleum adde camino : 
quae siquis sanus fecit, sanus facis et tu. 


Epist. I, 1, 83-85 
‘Nullus in orbe sinus Bais praelucet amoenis’ 


si dixit dives, lacus et mare sentit amorem 
festinantis eri; 


Epist. II, 1, 73-75 
Inter quae verbum emicuit si forte decorum, 


si versus paulo concinnior unus et alter: 
iniuste totum ducit venditque poema. 


Fpist. II, 2, 100-101 
Si plus adposcere visus, 
fit Mimnermus et optivo cognomine crescit. 


A. P. 326-328 
‘Dicat 
filius Albini: si de quincunce remotast 
uncia, quid superat? 
A. P. 377-378 
sic animis natum inventumque poema iuvandis, 
si paulum summo decessit, vergit ad imum. 
A. P, 472-474 
certe furit, ac velut ursus 


obiectos caveae valuit si frangere clatros, 
indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus ; 


d). Third Person Plural. 
Od. I, 3, 21-24 
Nequicquam deus abscidit 
Prudens Oceano dissociabili 


Terras, si tamen impiae 
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 


1. <A Preteritive Verb in the Protasis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz non. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


dl 


Epist. I, 18, 26-28 


aut, si non odit, regit ac veluti pia mater 
plus quam se sapere et virtutibus esse priorem 
volt et ait prope vera: 


16). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. 

This combination occurs about 12 times in Plautus, less often in 
Terence, (Adel. 105: Haut. 631: Hec. 709). It is found in Cicero, 
Lucretius (2), Catullus (1), Propertius (2), Ovid (12), not often in 
Livy. It does not occur in Tibullus. 

A. Protasis introduced by s7. 

a). Third Person Singular. 
Od hi, 23,1 7-20 
Immunis aram si tetigit manus, 
Non sumptuosa blandior hostia. 


Mollivit aversos Penatis 
Farre pio et saliente mica. 


Od TV, 99-10 


Nec siquid olim lusit Anacreon, 
Delevit aetas ; 


17). Apodosis in the Imperative. 

Schmalz, Lat. Gram. § 341 (Dritte Auflage, 1900), and Drager, 
Fist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 707, state that this combination occurs in the 
letters to Cicero (Fam. 8, 1. Caelius, 15, 19. Cassius), but elsewhere 
seems to be confined to Terence, Sallust, Tacitus and Juvenal. In 
addition to the following instances in Horace, examples also occur in 
Plautus (cf. Capt. 1035. Rud. 325), and the Elegiac Poets. Also in 
Gellius (20, 1, 49) in a citation from the Twelve Tables. 

A. Protasis introduced by sz. 

a). Third Person Singular. 
Epod. 14, 13-15 
quod si non pulchrior ignis 


accendit opsessam Ilion, 
gaude sorte tua: 


Serm. II, 5, 93-94 
mone, si increbruit aura, 
cautus uti velet carum caput; 


b). First Person Plural. 
Od. I, 32, 1-4 


Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra 
Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum 


32 


Vivat et pluris, age dic Latinum, 
Barbite, carmen, 


1. Preteritive Verb in the Protasis. 
A. Si-Si non. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 6, 67-68 
Siquid novisti rectius istis, 
candidus inperti; si non, his utere mecum. 


18). Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive. 
1. Optative Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by s?. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 6, 54-55 
At omnes di exagitent me, 
si quicquam. (sc. audivz). 
b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. III, 27, 5-7 


Rumpat et serpens iter institutnm, 
Si per obliquom similis sagittae 
Terruit mannos: 


III. Protasis in the Imperfect Indicative. 


19). Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative. 

This combination occurs chiefly in general conditional periods. It 
is rare in Plautus, probably does not occur in Terence. Examples are 
found here and there in Cicero and Caesar. In Lucretius only 
V, 1534; it is not used by Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius; 4 times 
in Ovid, 

A. Protasis introduced by s?. 

a). ‘Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 4, 3-5 
siquis erat dignus describi, quod malus ac fur, 


quod moechus foret aut sicarius aut alioqui 
famosus, multa cum libertate notabant. 


A general condition expressing repeated contemporaneous action in 
the past. 


35 


IV. Protasis in the Future Indicative. 


20). Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 6, 68-71 


si neque avaritiam neque sordes ac mala lustra 
Obiciet vere quisquatn mI, 2b.) wees es 0a ees 
causa fuit pater his, 


21). Apodosis in the Future Indicative. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). First Person Singular. 


Od. IV, 2, 45-48 


Tum meae, siquid loquar audiendum, 

Vocis accedet bona pars, et ‘O Sol 

Pulcher, o laudande!’ canam recepto 
Caesare felix. 


Serm. IT, 2, 8 


dicam, si potero. 
b). Second Person Singular. 


Od. 13,1, 34-35 
Quodsi me lyricis vatibus inseres, 
Sublimi feriam sidera vertice. 
Serm. I, 2, 96-97 
Si interdicta petes, vallo cireumdata (nam te 
hoc facit insanum), multae tibi tum officient res, 
Serm. IT, 3, 1-4 


‘Si raro scribes, ut toto non quater anno 
membranam poscas, scriptorum quaeque retexens, 
iratus tibi, quod vini somnique benignus 

nil dignum sermone canas: quid fiet? 


Epist. I, 1, 59-60 


At pueri ludentes ‘rex eris’ aiunt 
‘si recte facies.’ 


Epist. I, 2, 34 
si noles sanus, curres hydropicus ; 


+) 


34 


Epist. I, 10, 31-32 
FEE ede ke Siquid mirabere, pones 


invitus. 


A. P. 104-105 
male si mandata loqueris, 
aut dormitabo aut ridebo. 


A. P. 486-437 


si carmina condes, 
numquam te fallent animi sub volpe latentes. 


ec). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. II, 3, 41-42 
hoc si erit in te 
solo, nil verbi, pereas quin fortiter, addam. 


Serm. II, 4, 27-29 
Si dura morabitur alvus, 
mitulus et viles pellent opstantia conchae 
et lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo. 


Epist. I, 7, 10-12 
Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inlinet agris, 
ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet 
contractusque leget; 

Fpist. I, 10, 42-43 
Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, 
si pede maior erit, subvertet, si minor, uret. 

Epist. I, 17, 25-26 
Contra, quem duplici panno patientia velat, 
mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit. 

ING Jes TST 


Multa renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque 
quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, 
quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. 


A. .P. 424-425 
mirabor, si sciet inter 
noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. 


d). Third Person Plural. 
Od. Ti, 97 11-12 


Pro qua non metuam mori, 
Si parcent animae fata superstiti.’ 


Odea to=h6 


Pro quo bis patiar mori, 
Si parcent puero fata superstiti.’ 


A. P. 52-53 


et nova fictaque nuper habebunt verba fidem, si 
Graeco foute cadent parce detorta. 


AMP. WI2-113 


Si dicentis erunt fortunis absona dicta, 
Romani tollent equites peditesque cachinnum. 


B. Protasis introduced by sz non. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


A. P. 181-135 


Publica materies privati iuris erit, si 

non circa vilem patulumque moraberis orbem, 
nec verbo verbum curabis reddere fidus 
interpres, nec desilies imitator in artum, 

unde pedem proferre pudor vetet aut operis lex. 


c). Ni-si non. 
A. Second Person Singular. 
Fpist. I, 2, 34-37 
et ni 
* posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 
intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, 
invidia vel amore vigil torquebere. 
1. The Future in the Apodosis has an imperative force. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Epist. 1, 7, 25-28 


Quodsi me noles usquam discedere, reddes 
forte latus, nigros angusta fronte capillos, 
reddes dulce loqui, reddes ridere decorum et 
inter vina fugam Cinarae maerere protervae. 


Epist.cl, 175 fl-12 


Si prodesse tuis pauloque benignius ipsum 
te tractare voles, accedes siccus ad unctum. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


36 


Epist. I, 18, 2-3 


Augusto reddes signata volumina Vini, 
si validus, si laetus erit, si denique poscet ; 


22). Apodosis in the Imperative. 

A future tense (Future or Future Perfect) in the Protasis with an 
Imperative in the Apodosis is not an uncommon combination. 

In laws, treaties and legal formulae, also in formal rules and max- 
ims, the Future Imperative is usual. It occurs in two passages from 
the old laws cited by Gellius (JV, 3, 8. XX, 1, 45). It is often em- 
ployed by Plautus, less often by Terence and Cato. It is of frequent 
occurrence in Cicero, especially in the Epp. ad Att. 3 times in Catullus. 

The Present Imperative occurs in Ennius, several times in Plautus, 
once in Terence (Haut. 618); rare in Cicero, not found in Catullus. 
Lucretius does not use either combination. In the only instance in 
Tibullus (J, 4, 45) in which either form is found, the Present Imper- 
ative is used. The Present Imperative is more common than _ the 
Future Imperative in Propertius (5-2) and Ovid (38-6). 

1. Present Imperative in the Apodosis. 


A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). ‘Third Person Singular. 


Serm. IT, 5, 30-31 
fama civem causaque priorem 
sperne, domi si gnatus erit fecundave coniunx. 
Serm. II, 5, 45-48 
Sicui praeterea validus male filius in re 
praeclara sublatus aletur, ne manifestum 
caelibis obsequium nudet te, leniter in spem 
adrepe officiosus, 
Serm. II, 5, 106-108 
Siquis 
forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu 
dic, 
Epist. I, 8, 3 


Si quaeret quid agam, dic........ 
Epist. I, 12, 22-23 


et siquid petet ultro 
defer: 


oT 


2. Future Imperative in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. Ill, 14, 23-24 
Si per invisum mora ianitorem 
Fiet, abito. 
Epist. I, 13, 6-7 
Si te forte meae gravis uret sarcina chartae, 
abicito 
3. Imperative of memini in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 
a). Third Person Singular, 


Epist. I, 8, 15-16 
Si dicet ‘recte,’ primum gaudere, subinde 
praeceptum auriculis hoc instillare memento: 


25). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
1. Jussive Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. II, 24, 27-29 


Si quaeret ‘‘pater urbium’”’ 
Subscribi statuis, indomitam audeat 
Refrenare licentiam, 
Serm. I, 3, 69-72 
Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est, 
cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce, 
si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, amari 
si volet: hac lege in trutina ponetur eadem. 


Epist. I, 20, 26-27 


Forte meum siquis te percontabitur aevum : 
me quater undenos sciat implevisse Decembris, 


2. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. II, 3, 250-254 
Si puerilius his ratio esse evincet amare, 
nec quicquam differe, utrumne in pulvere, trimus 


38 


quale prius, ludas opus an meretricis amore 
sollicitus plores: quaero, faciasne quod olim 


mutatus Polemon? 
Quaero is parenthetic and without influence upon the construction. 


V. Protasis in the Future Perfect Indicative. 


24). Apodosis in the Present Indicative. 


A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Epod. 3, 19-20 
At siquid umquam tale concupiveris, 
Iocose Maecenas, precor 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. II, 1, 82-83 
si mala condiderit in quem quis carmina, ius est 
iudiciumque.’ 
est: the Present denotes the certainty of the existence of the ius 
iudiciumque, apart from the condition. 


Serm. II, 1, 838 
Esto, siquis mala; 
i.e. esto, siguis mala condiderit, ius est iudiciumque. 
B. Protasis introduced by nisi. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Cc 


Odyie2, 3-16 
Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops, 
Nec sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi 
Fugerit venis et aquosus albo 
Corpore languor. 


25). Apodosis in the Future Indicative. 
The conditional act is represented as completed prior to the begin- 
ning of that of the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a)s First Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 139-140 


et mihi dulces 


ignoscent, siquid peccaro stultus, amici, 


Serm 


39 


~ hs) GV=BNs: 
non, hodie si 
exclusus fuero, desistam ; 


b). Second Person Singular. 


Od. III, 23, 1-6 


Epod 


Serm 


Serm 


Serm 


Epod 


Epod 


Serm 


Serm 


Caelo supinas si tuleris manus 
Nascente luna, rustica Phidyle, 
Si ture placaris et horna 
Fruge Lares avidaque porca, 
Nec pestilentem sentiet Africum 
HECUHG a VALISMNEC ss <r ene 


. 10, 21-24 


Opima quodsi praeda curvo litore 
Porrecta mergos iuveris, 

Libidinosus immolabitur caper 
Et agna Tempestatibus. 


, ea 67 
tune insanus eris si acceperis? 
. II, 3, 124-126 
Quantulum enim summae curtabit quisque dierum, 
ungere si caules oleo meliore caputque 
coeperis inpexa foedum porrigine ? 
. II, 3, 319-320 
‘non, si te ruperis’, inquit, 
‘par eris.’ 
c). Third Person Singular. 
. 6, 15-16 
An siquis atro dente me petiverit, 
Inultus ut flebo puer? 
. 15, 15-16 
Nec semel offensi cedet constantia formae, 
Si certus intrarit dolor. 
pl 2 Uson 
Ergo 
siquis nune mergos suavis edixerit assos, 
parebit pravi docilis Romana iuventus. 
. I, 3, 290-292 


‘frigida si puerum quartana reliquerit, illo 
mane die, quo tu indicis ieiunia, nudus 
in Tiberi stabit.’ 


40) 


Serm. II, 4, 6 
Quodsi interciderit tibi nunc aliquid, repetes mox, 


Future time conceived as present. 


Serm. II, 4, 17-19 


Si vespertinus subito te oppresserit hospes, 
ne gallina malum responset dura palato, 
doctus eris vivam mixto mersare Falerno: 


doctus: adjective, not participle. 


Serm. IJ, 5, 81-838 


Sic tibi Penelope frugi est: quae si semel uno 

de sene gustarit tecum partita lucellum, 

ut canis a corio numquam absterrebitur uncto. 
Fpist. I, 16, 33-34 

Qui dedit hoc hodie, cras, si volet, auferet, ut si 


detulerit fasces indigno, detrahet idem. 


A. P. 299-301 


Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetae, 
si tribus Anticyris caput insanabile numquam 
tonsori Licino commiserit. 


A. P. 468-469 


Nec semel hoc fecit, nec, si retractus erit iam, 
fiet homo et ponet famosae mortis amorem. 
B. Si nen. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Kpist. I, 17, 31-32 
morietur frigore, si non 
rettuleris pannum. 


1. The Future has imperative force. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 4, 103-105 
Liberius si 


dixero quid, si forte iocosius, hoc mihi iuris 
cum venia dabis: 


b). Third Person Singular. 


41 


FKpist. I, 1, 85-87 
cui si vitiosa libido 
fecerit auspicium, ‘cras ferramenta Teanum 
tolletis, fabri!’ 


26). Apodosis in the Future Perfect Indicative. 

Two actions are represented as contemporaneous. A conditional 
period with the Future Perfect in both members is rare; it occurs in 
Plautus and Cicero, it is not found in erence, Lucretius or the 
Elegiac Poets. 

A. Protasis introduced by sz. 

a). Second Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 2, 54-55 
Nam frustra vitium vitaveris illud, 
si te alio pravum detorseris. 


b). ‘Third Person Singular. 


A. P. 47-48 


Dixeris egregie, notum si callida verbum 
reddiderit iunctura novum. 


Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive. 


Ww 
~l1 

— 
. 


1. Optative Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). ‘Third Person Singular. 
Epod. 3, 1-3 
Parentis olim siquis impia manu 
Senile guttur fregerit, 
Edit cicutis alium nocentius. 
edit: an archaic form of the Present Subjunctive, used by Cicero in 
his letters (cf. ad Fam. [X, 29, 5) and often by Plautus (ef. Trin. 
339). It occurs again in Sat. I, 8, 90. Cf. Verg. Aen. 12, 801. 
2. Jussive Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
A. P. 386-389 
Siquid tamen olim 
scripseris, in Maeci descendat iudicis auris 


et patris et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum, 
membranis intus positis: 


6 


42 


3. Subjunctive in a Prohibition. 
A. Protasis introduced by nisi. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
A. P. 191-192 


Nec deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus 
inciderit ; 


B. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 5, 24-26 


neu, si vafer unus et alter 
insidiatorem praeroso fugerit hamo, 
aut spem deponas aut artem inlusus omittas. 


43 


Gee TobRe be: 


Indeterminate Protases (continued) B. Subjunctive Use. 


28). In the first class of Indeterminate Periods an Indicative tense is 
employed in the Protasis, in the second class the Protasis has either 
the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. 

The Apodosis is usually in the Present Subjunctive, less often in 
the Perfect Subjunctive. Occasionally Horace uses the Present or 
Future Indicative in the: A podosis. 


I. Present Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


29). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 


The large number of instances in which Horace uses this combination 
in comparison with sz sif-est and si sit-erit is noticeable. In this respect 
he presents a marked similarity to Cicero in his philosophical writings. 
Blase, in an article in the Archiv, Vol. LX, p. I7ff., Der Konjunktiv 
des Prasens im Bedingungssatze, presents a table in which he shows 
that sz sif-sit, although of more frequent occurrence than s7 szt-est and 
si sit-erit in most writers of the Aute-Classical and Augustan periods, 
becomes less and less common in following writers and almost disap- 
pears in late Latin, while, on the other hand, s7 sif-est and sz sit-erit 
enjoy an ever increasing popularity. 

A. Protasis introduced by sz. 

a). First Person Singular. 
Od. III, 16, 38 


Nec, si plura velim, tu dare deneges. 


Epist. II, 1, 3-4 


in publica commoda peccem, 
si longo sermone morer tua tempora, Caesar. 


44 


Epistle ard-8 


Recte necne crocum floresque perambulet Attae 
fabula si dubitem, clament periisse pudorem 
cuncti paene patres, 


A. P. 35-37 


Hunc ego me, siquid componere curem, 
non magis esse velim, quam naso vivere pravo, 
spectandum nigris oculis nigroque capillo. 


b). Second Person Singular. 


Ody, 1313-15 


Non, si me satis audias, 
Speres perpetuum dulcia barbare 
Laedentem oscula, 


si-audias is not parenthetic; did she not listen to him she might en- 
tertain the hope. 


Sermk. 1. 436 
‘Quod si comminuas, vilem redigatur ad assem.’ 


Quod = at id. 
Serm. I, 1, 46-49 


non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus, ut si 
reticulum panis venalis inter onusto 

forte vehas umero, nihilo plus accipias quam 
qui nil portarit. 


Serm. I, 1, 88-91 


At si cognatos, nullo natura labore 

quos tibi dat, retinere velis servareque amiicos, 
infelix operam perdas, ut siquis asellum 

in campo doceat parentem currere frenis. 


Serm. I, 4, 55-56 


quem si dissolvas, quivis stomachetur eodem 
quo personatus pacto pater. 


Serm. I, 4, 56-62 
His, ego quae nunc, 
olim quae scripsit Lucilius, eripias si 
tempora certa modosque, et quod prius ordine verbum est 
posterius facias praeponens ultima primis, 
non, ut si solvas ‘postquam Discordia taetra 
belli ferratos postis portasque refregit,’ 
invenias etiam disiecti membra poetae. 


Ad 


vs. 60: i.e. ut (invenias ) si solvas. 


Serm. I, 4, 140-141 


cui si concedere nolis, 
multa poetarum veniat manus, 


Serm. II, 3, 128-130 
Populum si caedere saxis 
incipias servosve tuos, quos aere pararis, 
insanum te omnes pueri clamentque puellae ; 


ce). Third Person Singular. 


Od. III, 8, 65-68 


Ter si resurgat murus aeneus 
Auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis 
Excisus Argivis, ter uxor 
Capta virum puerosque ploret.’ 


Od. III, 27, 45-48 


Siquis infamem mihi nunc iuvencum 

Dedat iratae, lacerare ferro et 

Frangere enitar modo multum amati 
Cornua monstri. 


perm. L;, fo) 15-19 


Serm. I, 3, 80-88 
Siquis eum servum, patinam qui tollere iussus 
semesos piscis tepidumque ligurrierit ius, 
in cruce suffigat: Labeone insanior inter 
sanos dicatur. 


Serm. I, 4, 41-42 
neque, siqui scribat uti nos 
sermoni propiora, putes hunc esse poetam. 


Serm. I, 4, 67-68 
at bene siquis 
et vivat puris manibus, contemnat utrumque. 
Serm. I, 6, 30-32 


Ut siqui aegrotet quo morbo Barrus, haberi 
et cupiat formonsus, eat quacumque, puellis 
iniciat curam quaerendi singula, 


46 


Serm. I, 7, 15-17 


duo si discordia vexet inertis 
aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Diomedi 
cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior, 


Serm. IT, 3, 104-108 


Siquis emat citharas, emptas comportet in unum, 
nec studio citharae nec Musae deditus ulli, 

si scalpra et formas non sutor, nautica vela 
aversus mercaturis, delirus et amens 

undique dicatur merito. 


Serm. Il, 3, 111-120 


Siquis ad ingentem frumenti semper acervum 
porrectus vigilet cum longo fuste, neque illinc 
audeat esuriens dominus contingere granum, 

ac potius foliis parcus vescatur amaris; 

si positis intus Chii veterisque Falerni 

mille cadis, nihil est, ter centum milibus, acre 
potet acetum; age, si et stramentis incubet unde- 
octoginta annos natus, cui stragula vestis, 
blattarum ac tinearum epulae, putrescat in arca: 
nimirum insanus paucis videatur, 


Serm. II, 3, 214-218 


Siquis lectica nitidam gestare amet agnam, 

huic vestem ut gnatae, paret ancillas, paret aurum, 
Rufam aut Pusillam appellet fortique marito 
destinet uxorem: interdicto huic omne adimat ius 
praetor et ad sanos abeat tutela propinquos. 


Serm. II, 3, 248-249 


ludere par impar, equitare in harundine longa 
siquem delectet barbatum, amentia verset. 


Serm. II, 3, 268-271 


haec siquis tempestatis prope ritu 
mobilia et caeca fluitantia sorte laboret 
reddere certa sibi, nihilo plus explicet, ac si 
insanire paret certa ratione modoque.’ 


Serm. II, 7, 24 
siquis ad illa deus subito te agat, usque recuses, 
Epist. I, 1, 70-74 


Quodsi me populus Romanus forte roget, cur 


fopist., 1516, 25-29 
Siquis bella tibi terra pugnata marique 
dicat et his verbis vacuas permulceat auris: 
‘Tene magis salvum populus velit an populum tu, 
servet in ambiguo qui consulit et tibi et urbi, 
Iuppiter,’ Augusti laudes adgnoscere possis: 


Epist. II, 2, 2-17 


siquis forte velit puerum tibi vendere natum 
Tibure vel Gabiis et tecum sic agat ‘‘hic et 


des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedit’’ 
ille ferat pretium poenae securus, opinor. 
B. Si non. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 3, 259 


eerctetete ojetsich: SUMOMIES, OPLetse vet .nes 


a). Second Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 8 
quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis: 


1. Jussive Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s?. 
a). ‘Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 9, 33-34 


loquaces, 
si sapiat, vitet simul atque adoleverit aetas.”’’ 


Serm. II, 5, 70-72 
mulier si forte dolosa 
libertusve senem delirum temperet, illis 
accedas socius; laudes, lauderis ut absens. 


Kpist. I, 6, 15-16 


Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, 
ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam. 


2. Prohibitive Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. II, 5, 16-17 


ne tamen illi 
tu comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses.’ 


48 


3. Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question in the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s?. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 6, 30-31 
‘tu pulses omne quod obstat, 
ad Maecenatem memori si mente recurras?’ 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 16, 36-38 


Idem, si clamet furem, neget esse pudicum, 
coutendat laqueo collum pressisse paternum : 
mordear obprobriis falsis mutemque colores ? 


30).  Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Epod. 2, 39-50 
Quodsi pudica mulier in partem iuvet 
Domum atque dulcis liberos, 
S606 000600 OrgGuAenesooacobodooqags 
Osada SICCEE err 
Sd og anao neon 0am apparet : 


Non me Lucrina iuverint conchylia 
Magisve rhombus aut scari, 


b). Third Person Plural. 
Od. IV, 8, 20-22 
neque 
Si chartae sileant quod bene feceris, 


Mercedem tuleris. 


Possibly tuleris may be Future Perfect Indicative. 


31).  Apodosis in the Present Indicative. 
1. General Conditions. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Senmis 15°25) 7-1 
Hunce si perconteris, avi cur atque parentis 
praeclaram ingrata stringat malus ingluvie rem, 
omnia conductis coemens obsonia nummis, 
sordidus atque animi quod parvi nolit haberi, 
respondet. 


49 


Serm. II, 1, 20 


cui male si palpere, recalcitrat undique tutus. 
b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. IIT, 29, 57-59 


Non est meum, si mugiat Africis 
Malus procellis, ad miseras preces 
Decurrere et votis pacisci, 


Fpist. I, 16, 46-47 


‘Nec furtum feci nec fugi’ si mihi dicat 
servos: ‘habes pretium, loris non ureris’ aio. 


2. <A verb or expression of duty, obligation, or the like in the 
Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 111-J12 
Iura inventa metu iniusti fateare necesse est, 
tempora si fastosque velis evolvere mundi. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 43-44 
Ac pater ut gnati, sic nos debemus, amici 
siquod sit vitium, non fastidire : 
3. Si modo in the Protasis with the force of dummodo, intro- 
ducing a proviso. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 2, 73-76 
At quanto meliora monet pugnantiaque istis 
dives opis natura suae, tu si modo recte 
dispensare velis ac non fugienda petendis 
inmiscere. 
b). Third Person Singular. 
Epist. I, 1, 39-40 
nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, 
si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. 


32).  Apodosis in the Future Indicative. 
1. The Subjunctive is due to the close relationship originally 
existing between the Present Subjunctive and the Future Indicative, 


7 


50 


so that the Present Subjunctive, Future Indicative, and Present Indic- 
ative might easily be interchanged. 


A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. TT, 93, 7-8 


Si fractus inlabatur orbis, 


Inpavidum ferient ruinae. 


Epod. 11, 15-18 


‘Ouodsi meis inaestuet praecordiis 
libera bilis, ut haec ingrata ventis dividat 
fomenta volnus nil malum levantia ; 
desinet imparibus certare summotus pudor.’ 
2. The subject of the Protasis is the indefinite guis, the condi- 
tion referring not to a particular person, but general in character. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 


A. P. 461-464 


Si curet quis opem ferre et demittere funem, 
‘qui scis, an prudens huc se deiecerit atque 


servari nolit?’ dicam, Siculique poetae 
narrabo interitum. 


3. 


A verb of ability in the Apodosis. 
A. M. 


a). First Person Singular. 


Epist. II, 2, 52-54 


sed quod non desit habentem 
quae poterunt umquam satis expurgare cicutae, 


ni melius dormire putem quam scribere versus? 
4 


ae 


Si has the force of etiamsi. 


A. Protasis introduced by sz. 


a). Third Person Plural. 


Serm. I, 6, 42-44 


At hic, si plostra ducenta 
concurrantque foro tria funera magna, sonabit 


cornua quod vincatque tubas: 


ol 


II. Perfect Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


533). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
The Protasis represents the action as completed prior to the begin- 
uing of that of the Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 4, 93-95 
Mentio siquae 


de Capitolini furtis iniecta Petilli 
te coram fuerit, defendas ut tuus est mos: 


Fpist. I, 11, 15-16 


nec, si te validus iactaverit Auster in alto, 
idcirco navem trans Aegaeum mare vendas. 


1 The Present Subjunctive ina Rhetorical Question in the 
Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by s7. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. [, 3, 94-95 


Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit, aut si 
prodiderit commissa fide sponsumve negarit? 


Conversion to Past Time. 


34). An Indeterminate Subjunctive Period is occasionally identical 
in form with a Period of Action Non-Occurrent. This takes place 
when a future subjunctive condition is transferred to the past, becom- 
ing relatively future, i. e. denoting future action from the standpoint 
of the past. The Present Subjunctive is then replaced by the Imper- 
fect Subjunctive, the Perfect by the Pluperfect. 

This transference occurs only when the context clearly shows that 
past action is supposed. The tense of the Subjunctive does not imply 
that the condition is contrary to fact; the supposition may, or may not, 
have been fulfilled. 


35). The Imperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Or 
bo 


Fpist. II, 1, 241-244 
Ouodsi 
judicium subtile videndis artibus illud 
ad libros et ad haec Musarum dona vocares, 
Boeotum in crasso iurares aere natum. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 2, 68-72 
Huic si muttonis verbis mala tanta videnti 
diceret haec animus: ‘quid vis tibi? numquid ego a te 
magno prognatum deposco consule cunnum 
velatuinque stola, mea cum conferbuit ira?’ 
Quid responderet? 


Serm. I, 3, 4-6 
Caesar, qui cogere posset, 
si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, non 
quicquam proficeret ; 


B. Misi. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 3, 285-286. 


mentem, nisi litigiosus, 
exciperet dominus, cum venderet. 


Cf. Serm. I, 6, 85-87 


36). Protasis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive, Apodosis in the Imper- 
fect. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 3, 6-7 
si collibuisset, ab ovo 
usque ad mala citaret ‘io Bacchae’ 
Collibuisset : the Pluperfect is due to the fact that the Present Sys- 
tem of this verb was not in use. 
Serm. I, 6, 78-80 
Vestem servosque sequentis, 
in magno ut populo, siqui vidisset, avita 
ex re praeberi sumptus mihi crederet illos. 
Vidisset; Pluperfect because the action of seeing is prior to that of 
believing. Expressed as a future subjunctive condition it would be 
si viderit-credat. 


= 6) 


vo 


Gls VeVi i ei ee ae 


Periods of Action Non-Occurrent. 


37). Conditional Periods implying the non-occurrence of the action 
have the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive in both Protasis and 
Apodosis. 


For exceptional cases in Horace cf. § § 34-36. 


I. Protasis in the Imperfect Subjunctive. 


2) 


38). Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive. 

1. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting present action. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 

a). First Person Singular. 


Fpist. I, 19, 17-18 
quodsi 


pallerem casu, biberent exangue cuminum. 


i. e. if I were pale (as Lam not. Cf. Hpist. I, 20, 24.) 
Epist. II, 1, 250-257 
Nec sermones ego mallem 
repentis per humum quam res componere gestas, 
terrarumque situs et flumina dicere et arces 
montibus impositas et barbara regna tuisque 
auspiciis totum confecta duella per orbem, 
claustraque custodem pacis cohibentia Ianum 
et formidatam Parthis te principe Romam, 
si, quantum cuperem, possem quoque ; 


b). Second Person Singular. 


Od. II, 5, 21-24 


Quem si puellarum insereres choro, 
Mire sagacis falleret hospites 
Discrimen obscurum solutis 
Crinibus ambiguoque voltu. 


The reference to present action is clearly brought out by a para- 
phrase: If he were standing among a group of young girls, he would 
deceive even a shrewd man. 


Od. Th 10s 24 


Extremum Tanain si biberes, Lyce, 
Saevo nupta viro, me tamen asperas 
Porrectum ante fores obicere incolis 
Plorares Aquilonibus. 


Serm. I, 9, 45-47 
Haberes 
magnum adiutorem, posset qui ferre secundas, 
hunc hominem velles si tradere. 


Fpist. I, 3, 25-27 
Ouodsi 
frigida curarum fomenta relinquere posses : 
quo te caelestis sapientia duceret, ires. 


Epist. I, 7, 92-98 


‘Pol me miserum, patrone, vocares, 
si velles’ inqnit ‘verum mihi ponere nomen. 


i.e. you would not call me durum, attentum, as you do, but rather 
miserum. 


ec). Third Person Singular. 


Od. IV, 8, 22-24 
Quid foret Iliae 
Mavortisque puer, si taciturnitas 
Opstaret meritis invida Romuli? 


Serm. I, 2, 49-53 
At hic si, 
qua res, qua ratio suaderet, quaque modeste 
munifico esse licet, vellet bonus atque benignus 
esse, daret quantum satis esset, nec sibi damno 
dedecorique foret. 


Serm. I, 4, 52-53 
Numqui Pomponius istis 
audiret leviora, pater si viveret? 


Serm. I, 6, 93-97 
Nam si natura iuberet 
a certis annis aevom remeare peractum, 
atque alios legere, ad fastum quoscumque parentis 
optaret sibi quisque, meis contentus honestos 
fascibus et sellis nollem mihi sumere, 


Epist. I, 17, 13-14 
‘Si pranderet holus patienter, regibus uti 
nollet Aristippus.’ 

EKpist. I, 17, 14-15 

‘Si sciret regibus uti, 

fastidiret holus, qui me notat.’ 

Epist. II, 2, 146-147 
si tibi nulla sitim finiret copia lymphae, 
narrares medicis: 

The contrary to fact implication is made clear by a paraphrase, 
practically the sentence means: If you were suffering from the 
dropsy, you would consult your physician. 

Epist. If, 2, 156-157 
nempe ruberes, 
viveret in terris te siquis avarior uno. 


B. Si non. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Epist. II, 2, 149-151 
Si volnus tibi monstrata radice vel herba 
non fieret levius, fugeres radice vel herba 
proficiente nihil curarier: 
i.e. If you were employing a method of treatment which did you no 
good you would discontinue it. 


APs 230-29 1 


Nec virtnte foret clarisve potentius armis 
quam lingua Latium, si non offenderet unum 
quemque poetarum limae labor et mora. 


Cz Ni. 

a). Third Person Singular. 

Serm I, 5, 58-59 
‘O tua cornu 
ni foret execto frons,’ inquit ‘quid faceres, 

2. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting past action. 
A. Protasis introduced by sv. 

a). Third Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 17, 50-51 


Sed tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet 
plus dapis et rixae multo minus invidiaeque. 


B. Wr. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 8, 59-61 
Quis esset 
finis, ni sapiens sic Nomentanus amicum 
tolleret: 
3. Protasis denoting past action, Apodosis present action. 
A. Protasis introduced by s?. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Od. II, 8, 3-5 
Dente si nigro fieres vel uno 
Turpior ungui, 
Crederem. 


II. Pluperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


39). Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive. 
1. Protasis denoting past action, Apodosis present action. 
A. Protasis introduced by sz. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Odsii se -5 
Ulla si iuris tibi peierati 
Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam, 


Crederem. 
Serm. I, 10, 67-71 
sed ille, 
si foret hoc nostrum fato dilatus in aevum, 
detereret sibi multa, recideret omne quod ultra 
perfectum traheretur, et in versu faciendo 
saepe caput scaberet, vivos et roderet unguis. 


Epist. I, 1, 90-92 
Quodsi tam Graecis novitas invisa fuisset 


quam nobis, quid nunc esset vetus? Aut quid haberet, 
quod legeret tereretque viritim publicus usus? 


a). Third Person Singular. 


Epist. II, 1, 132-1383 
Castis cum pueris ignara puella mariti 
disceret unde preces, vatem ni Musa dedisset? 


57 


2. Protasis and Apodosis both denoting past action. 
Boyt 


a). Third Person Singular. 
Od. IV, 6, 13-24 


Ille non inclusus equo Minervae 

Sacra mentito male feriatos 

Troas et laetam Priami choreis 
Falleret aulam, 


Sed palam captis gravis, heu nefas heu! 
Nescios fari pueros Achivis 
Ureret flammis, etiam latentem 

Matris in alvo, 


Ni tuis victus Venerisque gratae 

Vocibus divom pater adnuisset 

Rebus Aeneae potiore ductos 
Alite muros. 


40). Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
A. Protasis introduced by si. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 2, 24-26 


quae si cum sociis stultus cupidusque bibisset, 
sub domina meretrice fuisset turpis et excors, 
vixisset canis immundus vel amica luto sus. 


B. Nisi. 
a). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 5, 78-80 
et quos 


numvuam erepsemus, nisi nos vicina Trivici 
villa recepisset lacrimoso non sine fumo, 


Serm. I, 9, 47-48. Cf. § 48, c. § 53, 2. 


Indicative Apodosis. 


41). To Periods of Action Non-Occurrent belong also the following 
cases in which a past tense of the Indicative stands in the Apodosis 
expressing, with a certain rhetorical emphasis, the certainty with which 


8 


58 


an event would have taken place, had it not been for the intervention 
of some other event, or that an action had actually begun, but was 
checked or interrupted by the’action of the Protasis. 


I. Protasis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 


42). Apodosis in the Pluperfect Indicative. 
A. Si non. 
a). Third Person Plural. 


Od. III, 16, 1-7 


Inclusam Danaen turris aenea 
Robustaeque fores et vigilum canum 
Tristes excubiae munierant satis 
Nocturnis ab adulteris, 
Si non Acrisium virginis abditae 
Custodem pavidum Iuppiter et Venus 
Risissent : 


B. Misi. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Od, II, 17, 27-29 


Me truncus inlapsus cerebro 
Sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum 
Dextra levasset, 


NOTE. Verbs expressing ability, duty, necessity and the like, when 
in the Apodosis of a Period of Action Non-Occurrent, commonly are ina 
past tense of the Indicative Madvig, Lat. Gram. § 348, c. Schmalz, 
Lat. Gram. § 339. Blase, De Modorum Temporumque Permutatione, 
Argentorati, 1888, p. 38 ff. 

In Serm. II, 7, 6-7 the Apodosis is an expression of propriety with the 
Imperfect Indicative, and the Protasis is omitted. Cf. § 48. 


GCHAR TEER IV. 


General Past Conditions. 


43). In sentences introduced by sz, with the verb in the Imperfect or 
Pluperfect, expressing repeated action, ‘‘as often as,” ‘‘every time 
that,’ or action taking place at uo definite time, the Indicative is used 
in early Latin. 


Plaut. As. 143. Atque ea si erant, magnam habebas dis gratiam. 
Aul. 427. Bacch. 426. 

Caesar, Cicero and Sallust generally use the Indicative, rarely the 
Subjunctive. 

Caes. B. C. HI, 110, 4. Si quis prehenderetur, consensu militum 
eriprebatur. 

Sall. Iug. 58, 3. Sin Numidae propius accessissent ibi virtutem osten- 
dere. 

Catull. 84, 1. Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet dicere 
Arrius. 

In Livy and Tacitus the Subjunctive is of frequent occurrence, 
Suetonius uses it almost exclusively. In late Latin both Indicative 
and Subjunctive are used, one about as often as the other. 

In two instances in sentences introduced by sz, Horace uses the 
Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis of a General Past Condition* 
with the Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis. 

a). Second Person Singular. 


A. P. 438-439 


Quintilio siquid recitares, ‘corrige sodes 
hoc’ aiebat ‘et hoc.’ 


A. P. 442-443 


Si defendere delictum quam vertere malles, 
nullum ultra verbum aut operam insumebat inanem, 


*I have, for the most part, made no special classification of General Conditional Periods with the 
Indicative or Present and Perfect Subjunctive. 


60 


Conditional Periods in Oratio Obliqua. 


44). There are but few instances in Horace of a Conditional Period 
in Oratio Obliqua. 
ey AS 94: 


Serm. I, 5, 101-103 


namque deos didici securum agere aevom, 
nec, siquid miri faciat natura, deos id 
tristis ex alto caeli demittere tecto. 


B. Sive. 


Serm. II, 5, 108-109 
2. After a verb or expression of threatening. 
A. Si. 


Serm. I, 3, 120-124 


Nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire 
verbera non vereor, cum dicas esse paris res 
furta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris 
falce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum 
permittant homines. 


Serm, I], 1, 47-49 


Cervius iratus leges minitatur et urnam, 
Canidia Albuci, quibus est inimica, venenum, 
grande malum Turius, siquid se iudice certes. 


Serm. II, 3, 9-10 
Atqui voltus erat multa et praeclara minantis, 
si vacuum tepido cepisset villula tecto. 
B. Nisi. 
Od. 1105 "9= 02 


Te, boves olim nisi reddidisses 

Per dolum amotas, puerum minaci 

Voce dum terret, viduus pharetra 
Risit Apollo. 


3. Informal Oratio Obliqua. 
A. Ni. 
Serm. I, 9, 36-37 


et casu tum respondere vadato 
debebat; quod ni fecisset, perdere litem. 


61 


Fecisset represents a fecerit of the bail contract; quod has the force 
of et hoc and debebat is felt with perdere. 
Serm. II, 3, 84-87 


Heredes Staberi summam incidere sepulcro, 

ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare centum 
damnati populo paria atque epulum arbitrio Arri, 
frumenti quantum metit Africa. 


Fecissent represents a fecerint in the terms of the will. 


Conditional Periods with Dependent Apodosis. 


45). The Apodosis, although it is the principal clause of a condi- 
tional period, may itself be subordinate. 
I find in the writings of Horace the following instances of a depen- 
dent Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
1. Final Subjunctive with ut. 
A. 8S. 


Serm. IT, 5, 47-50 
leniter in spem 
adrepe officiosus, ut et scribare secundus 
heres et, siquis casus puerum egerit Orco, 
in yvacuom venias: 


Fpist. I, 18, 78-81 
Fallimur et quondam non dignum tradimus: ergo 
quem sua culpa premet, deceptus omitte tueri, 
ut penitus notum, si temptent crimina, serves 
tuterisque tuo fidentem praesidio: 

B. Si-st non. 

Kpist. I, 1, 65-66 
Isne tibi melius suadet, qui rem facias, rem, 
si possis, recte, si non, quocumque modo rem, 


The Subjunctive depends upon a supplied swadet ut. 
2. Final Subjunctive with ne. 
A. Sz. 
Serm. I, 2, 86-89 
Regibus hic mos est, ubi equos mercantur: opertos 
inspiciunt, ne, si facies, ut saepe, decora 


molli fulta pedest, emptorem inducat hiantem, 
quod pulchrae clunes, breve quod caput, ardua cervix. 


62 


Serm. I, 6, 85-87 


nec timuit, sibi ne vitio quis verteret, olim 
si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor 
mercedes sequerer : 


Epist. I, 3, 15-20 


Quid mihi Celsus agit, monitus multumque monen- 
dus, 

privatas ut quaerat opes et tangere vitet 

scripta Palatinus quaecumque recepit Apollo, 

ne, si forte suas repetitum venerit olim 

grex avium plumas, moveat cornicula risum 

furtivis nudata coloribus? 


Epist. I, 16, 19-23 


sed vereor, necui de te plus quam tibi credas, 
neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum, 
neu, si te populus sanum recteque valentem 
dictitet, occultam febrem sub tempus edendi 
dissimules, donec manibus tremor incidat unctis. 


3. Subjunctive in a Relative Final clause. 


A. Si. 
Serm. II, 8, 25-26 


Nomentanus ad hoc, qui, siquid forte lateret, 
indice monstraret digito : 


4. Subjunctive in a Consecutive clause with ut. 
A. Sit. 


Serm. I, 1, 56-58 
Eo fit, 
plenior ut siquos delectet copia iusto, 
cum ripa simul avolsos ferat Aufidus acer. 


Serm. IT, 3, 91-94 
Quoad vixit, credidit ingens 
pauperiem vitium et cavit nihil acrius, ut, si 
forte minus locuples uno quadrante periret, 
ipse videretur sibi nequior: 


5. Subjunctive in a clause of Characteristic. 
A. Si. 


A. P. 361-362 
erit quae, si propius stes, 
te capiat magis, et quaedam, si longius apstes. 


63 


6. Indicative Apodosis with verb dependent upon cwm. 
Ss 


Serm. II, 3, 272-273 


Quid? Cum Picenis excerpens semina pomis 
gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es? 


Epist. II, 1, 221-222 
cum laedimur, unum 
siquis amicorum est ausus reprehendere versum; 


Complex Conditions. 


46). Kither the Protasis or the Apodosis may be of a complex 
nature, containing a statement that is modified by a condition, ex- 
pressed or implied. 


I, The Protasis a Complex Idea. 


47). Present Indicative (supplied) in the Apodosis. 
A. Si. 


Epist. I, 6, 12-14 


Gaudeat an doleat, cupiat metuatne, quid ad rem, 
si, quicquid vidit melius peiusve sua spe, 
defixis oculis animoque et corpore torpet ? 


Quicquid has a conditional force. The Protasis to quid (attinet) ad 
rem is contained in the whole statement si-torpet ? 


48). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
1. Optative Subjunctive. 
A. Si. 
Fpist. IT, 1, 180-181 
Valeat res ludicra, si me 


palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum. 


B. Si non. 
Serm. II, 1, 6-7 


Peream male, si non 
optimum erat; 


64 


Peream is Apodosis to the rest of the sentence; the true Protasis to 
optimum erat, i.e. si quievissem, is omitted. 


C. Ni. 
Serm. I, 9, 47-48 


dispeream, ni 
summosses omnis.’ 
The same construction as in the preceding example. The Protasis 
to swmmosses, i.e. si me tradidisses is not expressed. 
48 b). Apodosis implied in vel merito. 
A. Si non. 


Serm. I, 6, 19-22, cf. § 166, b. 


II. The Apodosis a Complex Idea. 


49). Present Indicative in the Protasis. 


A. Si. 
Serm. II, 2, 9-13 


Leporem sectatus equove 
lassus ab indomito vel, si Romana fatigat 
militia adsuetum graecari, seu pila velox 
molliter austerum studio fallente laborem, 
seu te discus agit, pete cedentem aera disco: 


The Apodosis to si-fatigat is sew pila-disco. 
Epist. I, 17, 25-26 


Contra, quem duplici panno patientia velat, 
mirabor, vitae via si conversa decebit. 


Quem has.a conditional force and the clause quem-velat forms the 
Protasis to the sentence mirabor-decebit. 


A. P. 422-425 


Si vero est, unctum qui recte ponere possit 

et spondere levi pro paupere et eripere artis 
litibus implicitum, mirabor, si sciet inter 
noscere mendacem verumque beatus amicum. 


B. Misi. 
Epist. I, 2, 54 


Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis acescit. 


65 


50). Future Indicative in the Protasis. 
A. Si. 


Serm. II, 3, 66-68 


‘Accipe quod numquam reddas mihi’ si tibi dicam, 
tune insanus eris si acceperis, an magis excors 
reiecta praeda, quam praesens Mercurius fert? 


Serm. II, 4, 51-55 


Massica si caelo suppones vina sereno, 
nocturna, siquid crassi est, tenuabitur aura, 
et decedet odor nervis inimicus ; 


Serm. II, 5, 27-30 


Magna minorve foro si res certabitur olim, 
vivet uter locuples sine gnatis, improbus, ultro 
qui meliorem audax vocet in ius, illius esto 
defensor ; 


51). Present Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


A. St. 
A. P. 1-5 


Humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam 
iungere si velit et varias inducere plumas 
undique conlatis membris, ut turpiter atrum 
desinat in piscem mulier formosa superne : 
spectatum admissi risum teneatis amici? 


52). Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis. 
A. St. 
Epist. II, 1, 194-196 


Si foret in terris, rideret Democritus, seu 
diversum confusa genus panthera camelo 
sive elephans albus volgi converteret ora: 


Epist. II, 2, 155-157 


At si divitiae prudentem reddere possent, 
sicupidum timidumque minus te: nempe ruberes, 
viveret in terris te siquis avarior uno. 


9 


66 


Earnest Asseverations. 


53). I find in the works of Horace four instances of an earnest 
asseveration with peream, or the like, in the Apodosis. The form of 
the Protasis is determined by the sense. 


1. Affirmative Protasis. 


Serm. I, 9, 38-40 


. ‘Inteream, si 


aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura: 
Serm. II, 6, 54-55 
At omnes di exagitent me, 
si quicquam. 


2. Negative Protasis. 


Serm. I, 9, 47-48 
dispeream, ni 
summosses omnis.’ 


Cf. Catull. 92, 2.  Dispeream, nisi amat. 
5 3} o) 


Serm. II, 1, 6-7 
Peream male, si non 
optimum erat ; 


Adversative Use of Nisi. 


54). Often, especially in colloquial language, nisi has the meaning 
but, except, and serves to introduce a limitation. This occurs in con- 
nection with negative words (as nullus, non, nolo, etc.), in questions 
with negative force, and in propositions where a negative is implied. 


5d). 1. . In connection with negative words. 


A. The negative precedes. 
a). Non-nisi. 


Serm. I, 7, 11-15 


Hectora Priamiden, animosum atque inter Achillem 
ira fuit capitalis, ut ultima divideret mors, 

non aliam ob causam, nisi quod virtus in utroque 
summa fuit ; 


67 


Epist. II, 1, 114-115 


habrotonum aegro 
non audet nisi qui didicit dare ; 


A. P. 475-476 


quem vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo, 
non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. 


b). Nec-nist. 
Serm. I, 4, 73 
nec recito cuiquam nisi amicis, 
ce). Nihil (nil )-nisi. 
Serm. II, 4, 25-26 


mendose, quoniam vacuis committere venis 
nil nisi lene decet : 


Serm. II, 6, 4-5 


Nil amplius oro, 
Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mihi munera faxis. 


Epist. 1, 12, 23 
....nil Grosphus nisi verum orabit et aecum. 
Kpist. II, 1, 49 
miraturque nihil, nisi quod Libitina sacravit. 
Fpist. II, 1, 83 
vel quia nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt, 
d). Nullus-nisi. 
Serm. I, 2, 30 
contra alius nullam nisi olenti in fornice stantem. 
e). Numquam-nisi. 
Kpod. 7, 11-12 


Neque hic lupis mos nec fuit leonibus 
Numquam nisi in dispar feris. 


Fpist. I, 19, 7-8 


Ennius ipse pater numquam nisi potus ad arma 
prosiluit dicenda. 


68 
f). Nolo-nisi. 


Serm. I, 2, 28-29 


Sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, 
quarum subsuta talos tegat instita veste : 


B. The negative follows. 
a). Nisi-non. 


Serm. II, 1, 18-20 


nisi dextro tempore, Flacci 
verba per attentam non ibunt Caesaris aurem, 


b). Nisi-ne. 
Serm. II, 2, 15-16 


nisi Hymettia mella Falerno 
ne biberis diluta. 


Serm. II, 4, 87 


= (s'01/9)(»|.0\je\(a, 106) R iol elie e).»\iehmlolje! je} 01.6,{e)ekel.e!s).0\\a\e)e.ei/e/ehe" «mi ee) (sie isis) |s\lells) (6 


quae nisi divitibus nequeunt contingere mensis?’ 


56). 2. With implication of negative. 
Derm. le aa 
ac nisi mutatum parcit defundere vinum, 


Serm. II, 5, 7-8 
atqui 
et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. 


Epist. II, 1, 18-22 


Sed tuus hic populus, sapiens et iustus in uno 
te nostris ducibus, te Grais anteferendo, 
cetera nequaquam simili ratione modoque 
aestimat et, nisi quae terris semota suisque 
temporibus defuncta videt, fastidit et odit, 


97). 3. Question with negative force. 


Serm. II, 1, 52-53 


Dente lupus, cornu taurus petit: unde, nisi intus 
monstratum ? 


69 
Epist. I, 16, 39-40 


Falsus honor iuvat et mendax infamia terret 
quem nisi mendosum et medicandum? 


Epist. I, 2, 99-100 


Discedo Alcaeus puncto illius; ille meo quis? 
Quis nisi Callimachus ? 


58). 4. Mi occurs once in this construction. 
Epod. 1, 7-8 


Utrumne iussi persequemur otium 
Non dulce, ni tecum simul, 


59). 5. Nisi quod, introducing a limitation, occurs in one instance 
in an affirmative proposition. 


Serm. I, 4, 47-48 
nisi quod pede certo 
differt sermoni, sermo merus. 


CEAP PER.) Ve 


Protases Introduced by Sive. 


60.)  Sive-sive disjunctively connect conditional sentences. Plautus 
and ‘Terence use s?-sive where later writers employ sive-sive. 

Sive-sive occurs in Cato and from the time of Cicero is in general 
use, s?-sive being seldom found. 

Si-sive, introducing Protases each with its own Apodosis, first 
occurs in Cicero and is rarely found in later writers. 

Swe-ve (cf. Od. IIT, 4, 1-4. IV, 2, 9-24. A. P. 63-69), and 
sive-vel (cf. Od. I, 22, 1-8) are poetical. 

For a thorough historical treatment of sive, ef. C. F. W. Miller, 
Ueber den Gebrauch von Sive, Berlin, 1871. 

The Indicative mood is more frequently used with sive-sive than the 
Subjunctive. Cicero and Caesar rarely employ the Subjunctive, in 
Livy aud Tacitus it is more often found and in late Latin becomes 
common. 


A. Indicative Protasis. 
I. Present Indicative in the Protasis. 


61). Present Indicative in the Apodosis. 


a). ‘Third Person. 
Od) Th 17, tiv -22 


Seu Libra seu me Scorpios aspicit 
Formidolosus, pars violentior 
Natalis horae, seu tyrannus 

Hesperiae Capricornus undae, 


Utrumque nostrum incredibili modo 
Consentit astrum. 


~l 
_ 


Od. III, 6, 29-32 


Sed iussa coram non sine conscio 
Surgit marito, seu vocat institor 
Seu navis Hispanae magister, 
Dedecorum pretiosus emptor. 


Serm. II, 6, 25-26 


Sive Aquilo radit terras seu bruma nivalem 
interiore diem gyro trahit, ire necesse est. 


Serm. II, 6, 67-70 
Prout cuique libido est, 
siccat inaequalis calices conviva solutus 
legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis 
pocula seu modicis uvescit laetius. 


Serm. II, 7, 78-80 


Adde super, dictis quod non levius valeat: nam, 
sive vicarius est qui servo paret, uti mos 
vester ait, seu conservos: tibi quid sum ego? 


62). Future Indicative in the Apodosis. 


a). Second Person. 
Kpist. I, 3, 23-25 


Seu linguam causis acuis seu civica iura 
respondere paras seu condis amabile carmen, 
prima feres hederae victricis praemia. 


b). Third Person. 
Od. I, 16, 2-4 


Quem criminosis cumque voles modum 
Pones iambis, sive flamma 
Sive mari libet Hadriano. 


63). Imperative in the Apodosis. 
a). Second Person. 


Od. III, 21, 1-8 


O nata mecum consule Manlio, 
Seu tu querellas sive geris iocos 
Seu rixam et insanos amores 
Seu facilem, pia testa, somnum, 


72 


Quocumque lectum nomine Massicum 
Servas, moveri digna bono die, 
Descende, Corvino iubente 
Promere languidiora vina. 


Epist. I, 12, 21-22 


_ Verum, seu piscis seu porrum et caepe trucidas, 
utere Pompeio Grospho, 


64). Gerundive Participle in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


Od. IV, 2, 9-24 


Laurea donandus Apollinari, 

Seu per audacis nova dithyrambos 

Verba devolvit numerisque fertur 
Lege solutis ; 


Seu deos regesve canit, deorum 

Sanguinem, per quos cecidere iusta 

Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae 
Flamma Chimaerae ; 


Sive quos Elea domum reducit 

Palma caelestis pugilemve equomve 

Dicit et centum potiore signis 
Munere donat, 


Flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum 

Plorat et viris animumque moresque 

Aureos educit in astra nigroque 
Invidet Orco. 


65). Apodosis represented by an adjective. 
a). Third Person. 


Serm. IT, 4, 7 


sive est naturae hoc sive artis, mirus utroque. 


II. Perfect Indicative in the Protasis. 


66). Present Indicative in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


Od. I, 1, 25-28 


Manet sub love frigido 
Venator tenerae coniugis immemor, 
Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus 
Seu rupit teretis Marsus aper plagas. 


Od=¥, 135, 9-12 


Uror, seu tibi candidos 

Turparunt umeros inmodicae mero 
Rixae, sive puer furens 

Inpressit memorem dente labris notam. 


Od. I, 23, 5-8 


Nam seu mobilibus vepris inhorruit 
Ad ventos foliis, seu virides rubum 
Dimovere lacertae, 
Et corde et genibus tremit. 


Serm. II, 4, 78-80 


Magna movet stomacho fastidia, seu puer unctis 
tractavit calicem manibus, dum furta ligurrit, 
sive gravis veteri craterae limus adhaesit. 


67). Present Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
1. Jussive Subjunctive. 
a). Third Person. 


Od. I, 11, 4-6 


Seu pluris hiemes seu tribuit luppiter ultimam, 
Quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare 
Tyrrhenum, sapias: 


2. Prohibitive Subjunctive. 
a). First Person. 
Serm. II, 3, 87-88 


‘Sive ego prave 
seu recte hoc volui, ne sis patruus mihi.’ 


III. Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis. 
68). Imperfect Indicative (supplied) in the Apodosis. 


a). Third Person. 
10 


Serm. I, 4, 120-124 
Sic me 
formabat puerum dictis, et sive iubebat 
ut facerem quid, ‘habes auctorem quo facias hoc,’ 
unum ex iudicibus selectis obiciebat ; 
sive vetabat, 


IV. Pluperfect Indicative in the Protasis. 


69). Imperfect Indicative in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


perm: 1 2, 115-134 


Ac mihi seu longum post tempus venerat hospes 
sive operum vacuo gratus conviva per imbrem 
vicinus, bene erat non piscibus urbe petitis, 

sed pullo atque haedo ; 


V. Future Indicative in the Protasis. 


70). Imperative in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


Serm. II, 5, 39-41 


persta atque obdura, seu rubra Canicula findet 
infantis statuas, seu pingui tentus omaso 
Furius hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpis. 


71). Gerundive Participle in the Apodosis. 


a). First Person. 


Od. TT, 14, 7-12 
qui ter amplum 
Geryonen Tityonque tristi 


Compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, 
Quicumque terrae munere vescimur, 
Enaviganda, sive reges 
Sive inopes erimus coloni. 


75 


VI. Future Perfect Indicative in the Protasis. 


72). Future Indicative in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


Od. I, 12, 53-57 


Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentis 
Egerit iusto domitos triumpho, 
Sive subiectos Orientis orae 
Seras et Indos, 
Te minor latum reget aequos orbem ; 


Serm. II, 2, 86-88 


tibi quidnam accedet ad istam, 
quam puer et validus praesumis, mollitiem, seu 
dura valetudo inciderit seu tarda senectus ? 


73). Apodosis represented by a Future Participle. 
a). Second Person. 


Od Wess 4-8 


moriture Delli, 


Seu maestus omni tempore vixeris, 
Seu te in remoto gramine per dies 
Festos reclinatum bearis 
Interiore nota Falerni. 


VII. Periphrastic Protasis. 


74). Present Indicative in the Apodosis. 
a). Third Person. 


Od? 1722, 1-8 


Integer vitae scelerisque purus 

Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu 

Nec venenatis gravida sagittis, 
Fusce, pharetra, 


Sive per Syrtis iter aestuosas, 

Sive facturus per inhospitalem 

Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus 
Lambit Hydaspes. 


76 


Mixed Protases. 


75). Inthe following instances sive-sive connect sentences in which 
different tenses of the Indicative are used. 


A. Indicative Protasis. 


76). Present and Future in the Protasis-Imperative in the Apodosis. 
Od. I, 7, 17-21 


sic tu sapiens finire memento 
Tristitiam vitaeque labores 
Molli, Plance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis 
Castra tenent seu densa tenebit 
Tiburis umbra tui. 


77). Present and Perfect in the Protasis Future in the Apodosis. 


AGP. 63-69: 


sive receptus 
terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet, 
regis opus sterilisve palus diu aptaque remis 
vicinas urbes alit et grave sentit aratrum, 
seu cursum mutavit iniquom frugibus amnis, 
doctus iter melius: mortalia facta peribunt: 
nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. 


78). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Future in the Apodosis. 


Serm. II, 2, 82-86 


Hic tamen ad melius poterit transcurrere quondam, 
sive diem festum rediens advexerit annus, 

seu recreare volet tenuatum corpus, ubique 
accedent anni, tractari mollius aetas 

inbecilla volet. 


79). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Imperative in the 
Apodosis. 


A. P. 426-428 


Tu seu donaris seu quid donare voles cui, 
nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum 
laetitiae ; clamabit enim ‘pulchre! bene! recte!’ 


it 


80). Future Perfect and Future in the Protasis-Perfect Participle in 
the Apodosis. 
Epod. 17, 38-41 


Paratus expiare, seu poposceris 
Centum iuvencos, sive mendaci lyra 
Voles sonari: 


81). For Serm. II, 1, 57-60 cf. § 92. 


B. Subjunctive Protasis. 
I. Present Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


82). Present Indicative in the Apodosis. 
Gd i.4; 11-12 


Nunc et in umbrosis Fauno decet immolare lucis, 
Seu poscat agna sive malit haedo. 


83). Apodosis represented by an adjective. 
Od. III, 24, 56-58 


ludere doctior, 
Seu Graeco iubeas trocho, 
Seu malis vetita legibus alea, 


II. Imperfect Subjunctive in the Protasis. 


84). Imperfect Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
Fpist. II, 1, 194-196 


rideret Democritus, seu 
diversum confusa genus panthera camelo 
sive elephans albus volgi converteret ora: 


C. Special Cases with sive-sive. 


85). 1. Oratio Obliqua. 
Serm. II, 5, 108-109 


dic, ex parte tua seu fundi sive domus sit 
emptor, gaudentem nummo te addicere. 


78 


86). 2. Final Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
Serm. II, 1, 36-39 


missus ad hoc, pulsis, vetus est ut fama, Sabellis, 
quo ne per vacuum Romano incurreret hostis, 
sive quod Apula gens seu quod Lucania bellum 
incuteret violenta. 


87). 3. Sentences introduced by sive-sive with different Apodoses. 


Serm. II, 2, 9-13 
Leporem sectatus equove 
lassus ab indomito vel, si Romana fatigat 
militia adsuetum graecari, seu pila velox 
molliter austerum studio fallente laborem, 
seu te discus agit, pete cedentem aera disco : 


With pila (11) we must supply te agit from sew te discus agit, and 
also an Imperative Apodosis, ‘Play ball,’ corresponding to pete aera 
disco. 

We have, then, two co-ordinate sentences with different Apodoses 
introduced by seu. All from vel to disco might be enclosed in a 
parenthesis. 


88). 4. In two instances sive(seu)—sive (sew) are purely disjunctive 
and without conditional force. 


Serm. I, 1, 1-3 
Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem 


seu ratio dederit seu fors obiecerit, illa 
contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentis? 


Fpist. I, 3, 31-34 
an male sarta 
gratia nequicquam coit et rescinditur ac vos 
seu calidus sanguis seu rerum inscitia vexat 
indomita cervice feros? 


89). 5. Sometimes a relative clause, or a clause introduced by a re- 
lative conjunction, where such clauses are conditional in meaning, 
stands in co-ordination with the subordinate clause with sive (sew). 

Only one instance of this occurs in Horace, the co-ordinate clause 
being introduced by quando. 


Epod. 16, 27-31 


Neu conversa domum pigeat dare lintea, quando 
Padus Matina laverit cacumina, 

In mare seu celsus procurrerit Appenninus, 
Noyaque monstra iunxerit libidine 

Mirus amor, 


Sive Used Alone. 


90). J. Sometimes sive is expressed once only, but implies a preced- 


ing swe. 
Od. I, 3, 15-16 


Quo non arbiter Hadriae 
Maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta. 


Serm II. 8, 16-17 


Hic erus: ‘Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum 
te magis adpositis delectat: habemus utrumque.’ 


91). 2. Sive (sew)=vel si. Different from the examples in the pre- 
ceding section is the use of sive (sew) with its own Apodosis, either 
complete or abbreviated, not implying a preceding sive (sew) but hav- 
ing the force of vel si, the vel belonging strictly only to the Apodosis, 
which is contrasted with a preceding clause, the s7 going with the 


conditional sentence. 


Od. I, 6, 17-20 


Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum 

Sectis in iuvenes unguibus acrium 

Cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur, 
Non praeter solitum leves. 


Od I, 15, 23-26 
Urgent impavidi te Salaminius 
Teucer, te Sthenelus sciens 


Pugnae, sive opus est imperitare equis, 
Non auriga piger. 


80 


Od. III, 27, 58-64 


Potes hac ab orno 
Pendulum zona bene te secuta 
Laedere collum ; 


Sive te rupes et acuta leto 

Saxa delectant, age te procellae 

Crede veloci, nisi erile mavis 
Carpere pensum 


92). 3. Different, again, from the examples in the last two sections 
(90, 91) and combining to a certain extent the characteristics of both, 
is the use of sew in Serm. IT, 1, 59. 


Serm. II, 1, 57-60 


Ne longum faciam : seu me tranquilla senectus 
expectat seu mors atris circumyolat alis, 

dives, inops, Romae, seu fors ita iusserit exul, 
quisquis erit vitae scribam color. 


Here sew (59) implies a preceding sew with RKomae and must be 
taken as having the force of vel sv; the vel belonging to exul, which 
forms an Apodosis to fors ita iusserit, and the sz belonging to fors ita 
iusserit. Romae and exul are antithetic, as are dives and inops, i. e. 
sive dives sive inops ero. 


93). 4. Often szve is employed to add an alternative, with which a 
condition is connected, to one or more words of a preceding clause, not 
to the whole clause. Sive then has the force of vel si, the vel contrast- 
ing the Apodosis, expressed or implied, of the added clause to the word 
or words to which it is added, and the sz belonging to the Protasis. 
This use of sive is wide spread, cf. Miller, Ueber den Gebrauch von 
swe, p. 15 ff, Berlin, 1871. 


Od. I, 2, 30-32. 
Tandem yvenias precamur 
Nube candentis umeros amictus, 
Augur Apollo; 


Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, 
Sive neclectum genus et nepotes 
Respicis, auctor 


olle/feli@) ver n\falle) (wee) 'a| we) ne | e)'s./a) e)e)'a(6)-a: ee 18) 6) felierele 


Sive mutata iuvenem figura 

Ales in terris imitaris, almae 

Filius Maiae, patiens vocari 
Caesaris ultor: 


Serus in caelum redeas 
Vs. 33: 1. e. vel tu (ventas), si mavis, Erycina ridens, ete. 
Od. I, 32, 6-10 


Qui, ferox bello, tamen inter arma, 
Sive iactatam religarat udo 
Litore navem, 


Liberum et Musas Veneremque et illi 
Semper haerentem puerum canebat 


Od. III, 4, 1-4 


Descende caelo et dic age tibia 
Regina longum Calliope melos, 
Seu voce nunc mavis acuta 
Seu fidibus citharave Phoebi. 


Od. III, 4, 21-24 


Vester, Camenae, vester in arduos 
Tollor Sabinos, seu mihi frigidum 
Praeneste seu Tibur supinum 

Seu liquidae placuere Baiae. 


C. S. 13-16 


Rite maturos aperire partus 

Lenis, Ilithyia, tuere matres, 

Sive tu Lucina probas vocari 
Seu Genitalis: 


Serm. II, 5, 10-12 
Turdus, 
sive aliud privum dabitur tibi, devolet illuc 
res ubi magna nitet domino sene; 


The clause sive-tibi is parenthetic. 
Serm. II, 6, 20 
Matutine pater, seu Iane libentius audis, 


i. e. vel Tane, si ‘Iane’ libentius audis. 
ie 


82 


CHAPTER Vi: 


Elliptical Conditions and Variations in the Form of 
Conditional Periods Introduced by a 
Conditional Particle. 


94). The following cases of ellipsis in Protasis or Apodosis and of 
special forms of Conditional Periods introduced by a conditional parti- 
cle are to be noted. 


A. Protasis. 


95). 1. Ina number of instances the verb of the Protasis is sup- 
pressed, but may easily be supplied from the context. 
Cf. Serm. II, 1, 83. Il, 6, 54-55. Epist. I, 10, 43. IT, 2, 100- 


101, and elsewhere. 


96). 2. When two Conditional Periods are opposed to each other, 
the second being introduced by sz non, the verb is omitted after the 
negative when, if expressed, it would be the same as in the preceding 
condition. 


Epist. I, 1, 65-66. I, 6, 67-68 


97). 3. Sometimes no verb is expressed either in the Protasis or in 
the Apodosis. 
Epod. 1, 5-6 


Quid nos, quibus te vita si superstite 
Iucunda, si contra, gravis? 


The ellipsis has been supplied in various ways by the editors. Por- 
phyrion, in commenting on the passage, says: ‘bis posuit particulam 


83 


si, sed semel abundat. Melius est sic loqueretur: quibus te superstite vita 
iucunda est, si contra sit grave est. Ergo verbum extrinsecus bis accipi- 
endum ex eo sit, ut plena fiat eloquutio.’ 


Epist. [5 1, 66 


si possis, recte, si non, quocumque modo rem, 


98). 4. Several Protases with a common Apodosis may have a predi- 
cate in common. 


1). Si-se. 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. I, 4, 103-105 
Liberius si 


dixero quid, si forte iocosius, hoc mihi iuris 
cum venia dabis: 


b). Third Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 3, 104-108. Epist. I, 12, 5-6. I, 13, 2-5. I, 17, 7-8. 
iL 66-68. EE 1 3-75. 
c). First Person Plural. 
Kpist. I, 3, 28-29. 
d). Third Person Plural. 
Kpist. II, 2, 155-157. 
2). Swe (sew )—sive (sew). 
a). First Person Singular. 
Serm. II, 3, 87-88. 
b). Second Person Singular. 
Od. Ill, 21, 2-7. Epist. I, 12, 21-22. 
ec). Third Person Singular. 
Odet 114-6, 1, 125 58-07) 1, 16, 2-42 15°22.72-6.0 BE 6, 29-31; 


Serm. II, 1, 37-39. Il, 2, 86-88. II, 2, 118-120. II, 4, 7. I, 
5, 108-109. Il, 7, 79-80. Epist. II, 1, 194-196. 


d). First Person Plural. 
Ode My tae 1-12. 


84 


99). 5. Several Protases with different predicates may have a com- 
mon Apodosis. 


1 Ne Si-st. 


Odes 5 


Ulla si iuris tibi perierati 

Poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam, 

Dente si nigro fieres vel uno 
Turpior ungui, 


Crederem : 


Od. 191,/23, 168) ‘Sermo j76, Go-71. 1,3; 10421083) Missa 
120. IL, 6, 6-13: 10, 8) 71-72.° Epist.1, 13) (225... 15 17.) 6-3. 
II, 1, 66-68. 
2). Staut si. 


Serm. I, 3, 94-95 


Quid faciam, si furtum fecerit, aut si 
prodiderit commissa fide sponsumve negarit? 


Sern. 05 7, lo-17 


duo si discordia vexet inertis 
aut si disparibus bellum incidat, ut Diomedi 
cum Lycio Glauco, discedat pigrior, 


3). Si-vel si. 


Epist. I, 1, 95-97 


si forte subucula pexae 
trita subest tunicae, vel si toga dissidet impar, 
rides : 


4).  Ni—si non. 


Epist. I, 2, 34-37 
et ni 
posces ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 
intendes animum studiis et rebus honestis, 
invidia vel amore vigil torquebere. 


5). Sive (seu )—sive (sew). 
Cf. Chapter V. 


85 


100). 6. Several clauses having a common Apodosis sometimes follow 
one after another with a conditional particle expressed with the first 
clause only, although its conditional force extends to all. 


A. St. 
Od. III, 18, 4-8. 
Si tener..cadit..., (si) larga..desunt..., (si) vetus..fumat odore. 
Od. IIT, 24, 36-44. 
Sineque..abigunt, (si) horrida..vincunt.., (si) magnam..iubet..? 
EKpod. 2, 39-48. 
Quodsi..iuvet...extruat (43)...siccet (46)... apparet (48). 
Serm. IT, 3, 104-108. 
Siquis emat...si(emat)...(si emat) nautica vela.... 
Serm. II, 8, 214-218. 
Siquis amet..paret..paret..appellet...destinet... 


Kpist. I, 16, 36-38. 
Siclamet..-Merer,. .contendat... 
Nore. In Serm. II, 3, 74-76, and Ffist. I/, 2, 158-762, two condi- 
tional clauses occur, each with its own Apodosis. In the first case sz is 


to be supplied before contra (74), and in the second sz or e¢ before guae- 
dam (759). 


B. Apodosis. 


101). 1. Often the verb of the Apodosis is not expressed when it 
may easily be supplied from the context. 
Od. III, 15, 7. III, 24, 33. Epist. II, 2, 177-178, and often. 


102). 2. In some instances it is probable that no definite verb was 
distinctly felt. 


Serm. I, 2, 120-122 


Illam ‘post paulo;’ ‘sed pluris;’ ‘si exierit vir’ 
Gallis; hance Philodemus ait sibi, quae neque magno 
stet pretio neque cunctetur, cum est iussa venire. 


86 


Here an Imperative, or perhaps a Future, may be supplied from the 
general thought as Apodosis to si exierit vir. 


Epist. 1, 5, 12 
Quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti? 


In this sentence the accusative (fortunam) depends upon some verb 
to be supplied; it is not necessary, however, to think of any particular 
verb as being conceived. ‘Why wealth for me, if I may not enjoy 
ins 

For the ellipsis cf. Serm. II, 5, 102. Unde mihi tam fortem tam- 
que fidelem? Serm. I, 7, 116. Unde mihi lapidem?.. . Unde sagittas? 
Ov. Am. II, 19, 7. quo mihi fortunam, quae numquam fallere curet? 


Serm. II, 1, 83-84 
sed bona siquis 
iudice condiderit laudatus Caesare? 


Serm. II, I. 84-85 
Siquis 
obprobriis dignum latraverit, integer ipse ? 


103). 3. The Apodosis is sometimes represented by a noun, adjec- 
tive, participle, ete. (For variations of the Apodosis in sentences in- 
troduced by sive ef. Chapter V. 


104). 1). The condition explains a noun. 
A. Si. 


Serm. II, 8, 71-72 


Adde hos praeterea casus, aulaea ruant si, 
ut modo; si patinam pede lapsus frangat agaso. 


105). 2). Apodosis represented by a Vocative. 
Nisi. 
Od. II, 2, 2-4 
inimice lamnae 


Crispe Sallusti, nisi temperato 
Splendeat usu. 


CE Od. 1, 6:1 


87 


106). 3). Apodosis represented by an adjective. 
A. Si non. 
Serm. II, 8, 92-93 


suavis res, si non causas narraret earum et 
naturas dominus: 


Be Ni: 
Fpist. I, 16, 5-6 


Continui montes, ni dissocientur opaca 
valle, 


The Apodosis is implied in continui, to which nz dissocientur 


added as a correction, as it were. 


107). 4). The condition qualifies a participle. 
Present Participle. 
A St. 


Serm. II, 1, 31-32 


neque si male cesserat usquam 
decurrens alio, neque si bene: 


B. S82 non. 
Od. III, 5, 13-18 


Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli 
Dissentientis condicionibus 
Foedis et exemplo trahentis 
Perniciem veniens in aevom, 
Si non periret inmiserabilis 
Captiva pubes. 


Cc. M. 


Serm. I, 2, 95 


cetera, ni Catia est, demissa veste tegentis. 


Perfect Participle. 
A. Si. 


Epist. I, 1, 184-185 
et depugnare parati, 
si discordet eques, 


88 


Serm. II, 3, 85-86 


ni sic fecissent, gladiatorum dare centum 
damnati populo paria atque epulum arbitrio Arri, 


Future Participle. 
A. Si. 


Serm. I, 10, 88-90 


quibus haec, sint qualiacumque, 
adridere velim, doliturus, si placeant spe 
deterius nostra. 


108). 6). Apodosis implied in quid. 

In Rhetorical Questions the Apodosis is sometimes represented by 
quid alone, without verb expressed. The ellipsis may be supplied in a 
general way by a word of saying, happening, or the like, as fiat, dicas, 
etc. Cf. English *‘ What if you ect. .2? 

Quid begins the period and either the Indicative or Subjunctive may 
stand in the Protasis. Obbarius, cited by Keller, Epilegomena zu 
Horaz, Od. I, 24, 13, well states the distinction between the two 
moods, when used in this connection, in the following words: ‘Mit 
dem Indicativ des Prasens verbunden dient es (nemlich guid si) 2ur 
Einleitung eines Auftrags oder einer Aufforderung, deren Erfillung 
man bestimmt erwartet, wahrend bei dem Conjunctiv nach den Folgen 
gefragt wird, welche eintreten wiirden, wenn das in dem Fragesatze 
Ausgesprochene iu Erfiillung gienge.’ 

As Keller adds: ‘Ob iibrigens das in Frage stehende wirklich 
geschehen konne, liegt nicht in den gesetzten Temporibus, wie neulich 
behauptet wurde, sondern in dem im Satze ausgesprochenen Gedanken 
selbst.’ 

Sometimes the question is followed by another by which it is more 
closely defined, the second question implying what the result would be 
if the content of the first were realized. 


A. Od. III, 9, 17-20 


Quid si prisca redit Venus 
Diductosque iugo cogit aeneo, 
Si flava excutitur Chloe 
Reiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae? 


89 


Serm. II, 7, 42-43 


Quid, si me stultior ipso 
quingentis empto dragmis deprenderis? 


B. Epist. I, 16, 8-11 
Quid, si rubicunda benigni 
corna vepres et pruna ferant? Si quercus et ilex 
multa fruge pecus, multa dominum iuvet umbra? 
Dicas adductum propius frondere Tarentum. 


C. Od. I, 24, 13-18 


Quid, si Threicio blandius Orpheo 

Auditam moderere arboribus fidem ? 

Num vanae redeat sanguis imagini, 
Quam virga semel horrida 

Non lenis precibus fata recludere, 

Nigro compulerit Mercurius gregi? 


Serm. II, 3, 159-160 


‘Quid, siquis non sit avarus? 
continuo sanus?’ Minime. 


Serm. II, 3, 219-220 


Quid, siquis gnatam pro muta devovet agna ? 
integer est animi? Ne dixeris. 


Kpist. I, 19, 12-14 
Quid, siquis voltu torvo ferus et pede nudo 


exiguaeque togae simulet textore Catonem ? 
virtutemne repraesentet moresque Catonis? 


109). 6). Apodosis a clause. 

Ae PY 270-274 
At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et 
laudavere sales, nimium patienter utrumque, 
ne dicam stulte, mirati, si modo ego et vos 


scimus inurbanum lepido seponere dicto, 
legitimumque sonum digitis callemus et aure. 


The sentence introduced by si modo limits the words nimium-mirati. 


110). 7). Apodosis represented by an adverb. 
A. Serm. I, 2, 23 


Siquis nunc quaerat ‘quo res haec pertinet?’ illuc: 
12 


90 


B. Od. TL, 14, 2-7 
nec pietas moram 
Rugis et instanti senectae 
Afferet indomitaeque morti ; 
Non, si trecenis quotquot eunt dies, 
Amice, places inlacrimabilem 
Plutona tauris, 


Serm. II, 3, 264 


Exclusit : revocat. redeam? Non, si obsecret.’ 


111). 8). In poetry a wish sometimes takes the form of a condi- 
tional Protasis with si or O si. Where O is used, the Apodosis may 
be considered as implied in the particle itself. 


Serm. II, 6, 8-10 


si veneror stultus nihil horum: ‘o si angulus ille 
proximus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum ! 
oO siurnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, 


C. Parenthetic Conditions. 


112). 4. A Conditional Protasis, introduced by si or nisi, is often 
used parenthetically with omission of its proper Apodosis. 


113). 1). Present Indicative. 
VANE S15 
a). First Person Singular. 
Od. IV, 3, 24 
Quod spiro et placeo, si placeo, tuum est. 


b). Second Person Singular. 


Od. III, 27, 50-52 


O deorum 
Siquis haec audis, utinam inter errem 
Nuda leones! 


Epod. 6, 3-4 


Quin huc inanis, si potes, vertis minas 
Et me remorsurum petis? 


Serm 


Epist 


Epist 


Epist 


Epist 


Epist 


Serm 


Serm 


Serm 


Epist 


Serm 


91 


. I, 4, 14-15 
“accipe, si vis, 
accipe iam tabulas ; 
So, 6. 15 
Hae latebrae dulces, etiam, si credis, amoenae, 
. I, 18, 67-68 


Protinus ut moneam, siquid monitoris eges tu: 
quid de quoque viro et cui dicas, saepe videto. 


c 
ho gale 
Prisco si credis, Maecenas docte, Cratino, 
nulla placere diu nec vivere carmina possunt, 
quae scribuntur aquae potoribus. 
old Whee Pate en 
mox etiam, si forte vacas, sequere et procul audi, 
a) Ul ER ae) 


quaedam, si credis consultis, mancipat usus: 


ec). Third Person Singular. 


. I, 6, 104-105 
Nunc mihi curto 
ire licet mulo vel si libet usque Tarentum, 


_ II, 3, 32-33 


insanis et tu stultique prope omnes, 
siquid Stertinius veri crepat, 


Sa isa! 

Quid tamen ista velit sibi fabula, si licet, ede. 
Poa ll lepers 

des nummos, excepta nihil te si fuga laedit: 
d). Third Person Plural. 
aly 35 09-0 L 


Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est, 


cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce, 
si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, 


92 


Epist. I, 18, 107-108 


‘Sit mihi quod nunc est, etiam minus, ut mihi vivam 
quod superest aevi, siquid superesse volunt di ; 


B. Si non. 
a). Third Person Singular. 


Serm. IT, 8. 4-5 
Da, si grave non est, 
quae prima iratum ventrem placaverit esca. 


Epist. I, 20, 9-10 


Quodsi non odio peccantis desipit augur, 
carus eris Romae, donec te deserat aetas : 


C. Misi. 
a). Second Person Singular. 
Od. I, 14, 15-16 


Tu, nisi ventis 
Debes ludibrium, cave. 


Od. III, 27, 62-66 


age te procellae 
Crede veloci, nisi erile mavis 
Carpere pensum 


Regius sanguis, dominaeque tradi 
Barbarae paelex.’ 


Sermm.. 15 15-77-79 


et fragili quaerens inlidere dentem, 
offendet solido, nisi quid tu, docte Trebati, 
dissentis. 


b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. II, 17, 9-13 


cras foliis nemus 
Multis et alga litus inutili 
Demissa tempestas ab Euro 
Sternet, aquae nisi fallit augur 
Annosa cornix. 


Epist. I, 1, 108 


praecipue sanus, nisicum pituita molesta est. 


93 


Epist. I, 2, 5 
Cur ita crediderim, nisi quid te distinet, audi. 


Epist. I, 5, 26-28 


Butram tibi Septiciumque 
et nisicena prior potiorque puella Sabinum 
detinet adsumam; 


114). 2). Perfect Indicative. 
A. &. 


a). Third Person Singular. 


Od. III, 14, 17-20 


I, pete unguentum, puer, et coronas, 

Et cadum Marsi memorem duelli, 

Spartacum siqua potuit vagantem 
Fallere testa. 


Epod. 5, 5-7 


Per liberos te, si vocata partubus 
Lucina veris adfuit, 
Per hoc inane purpurae decus precor, 


115). 3). Perfect of a Preteritive Verb. 
Ace Sis 


a). First Person Singular. 


Serm. I, 9, 22-23 


‘si bene me novi, non Viscum pluris amicum, 
non Varium facies : 


Serm. II, 8,20-22 


‘Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra, 
si memini, Varius, cum Servilio Balatrone 
Vibidius, quos Maecenas adduxerat umbras. 


Epist. I, 18, 1-2 


Si bene te novi, metues, liberrime Lolli, 
scurrantis speciem praebere, professus amicum. 


94 


116). 4). Future Indicative. 
A. Si. 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Epist. I, 7, 12-138 
te, dulcis amice, reviset 
cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima. 


b). Third Person Singular. 
Od. IIT, 21, 21-23 


Te Liber et, si laeta aderit, Venus 
Segnesque nodum solvere Gratiae 
Vivaeque producent lucernae, 


Epist. I, 16, 33 
Qui dedit hoc hodie, cras, si volet, auferet, 
B. Swe. 
Sat. 115; 10-125 (Chas 93: 


117). 5). Present Subjunctive. 
ASS: 
a). Second Person Singular. 


Epist. II, 2, 106-108 
verum 
gaudent scribentes et se venerantur et ultro, 
si taceas, landant quicquid scripsere beati. 


b). Third Person Singular. 


Od. DE) 17, 13-15 


Me nec Chimaerae spiritus igneae, 
Nec, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas 
Divellet umquam : 


Od. IV, 3, 19-20 


O mutis quoque piscibus 
Donatura cycni, si libeat, sonum, 


Epod. II, 51-52 


Siquos Kois intonata fluctibus 
Hiems ad hoc vertat mare; 


95 


118). SODES.  Sodes is a colloquial expression especially frequent 
in Plautus and Terence, not often used by other writers. It generally 
occurs in connection with an Imperative to soften its force, ‘1/ you 
please.’ 

Ter. Ad. 643. Dic sodes. Persius, III, 89. Inspice, sodes! Catull. 
103, 1. Sometimes also in other connections, Ter. Haut. 758. At 
scin quid sodes ? 


Cicero probably gives the correct explanation of the word in Or. 
45, 154, ** libenter etiam copulando verba wungebant, ut * sodes’, pro ‘si 


»” — Audere in early Latin often has the force 


audes’, ‘sis’pro ‘st vis. 
of velle, avidum esse. The uncontracted form occurs in Plaut. Trin. 


244, Da mihi hoc, mel meum, si me amas, si audes. 


Sodes occurs five times in Horace. 


Serm. I, 9, 40-41 
‘Dubius sum quid faciam’ inquit, 
‘tene relinquam an rem.’ ‘ Me, sodes.’ 


Epist. I, 1, 62 dic sodes. Epist. I, 7, 15 vescere sodes. Epist. I, 
16, 31 dic sodes. A. P. 488 corrige sodes. 


96 


CE AVE Ry ie 


A. Special Uses of Si. 


119). A Conditional Protasis after Verbs of Emotion. 


Verbs of emotion are commonly construed with a causal clause intro- 
duced by quod (sometimes quia or cum, cf. Lane, Lat. Gram. § 1851), 
or with an Accusative with an Infinitive. Occasionally verbs of this 
class are found in connection with a Conditional Protasis introduced 
by si (rarely nz or nist). In such cases s? retains, to a greater or less 


extent, its conditional character and is not to be considered as a purely 
causal particle. 


Miror si and mirum si occur with considerable frequency in early and 
classical Latin. Cf. Drager, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, pp. 734-735. 


Mirum ni is found in the early colloquial style, once also in Livy, 
IIT, 28, 5: Mirum esse ni castra hostium oppugnentur. 


Other verbs, as gaudeo, indignor, terreo, seldom occur with si. 
1). DMiror sv. 
A. With Indicative. 
Kpist. I, 12, 12. I, 15, 39-40 
In two instances si retains its full conditional force. 
Epist. I, 17, 26. A. P. 424-425 
B. With Subjunctive. 
Serm. I, 1, 86-87 


Miraris, cum tu argento post omnia ponas 
si nemo praestet quem non merearis amorem ? 


The Subjunctive. praestet, is due to a kind of Oratio Obliqua after 


SRcIFORNIALA = 97 


miraris. i. e. ‘Do you wonder if (because), as you say, noone shows 
affection for you?’ 


2). Gaudeo si. 
Serm. II, 3, 272-273 


Cum Picenis excerpens semina pomis 


gaudes, si cameram percusti forte, penes te es? 


Driger, Hist. Synt. Vol. II, p. 785, cites only one example of 
gaudeo in this connection, Cic. Verr. 4, § 37 Gaudeo etiam, si quid ab 
illo abstulisti. 

3). Satis esse si, satis habere st. 

These expressions are seldom found, ef. Plaut. Most. 654 Sat habeo 
si cras fero. 

Scattered examples also occur in Nepos, Livy, Tacitus and Suetonius. 


In Horace only Serm. I, 4, 116 


mi satis est, si 
traditum ab antiquis morem servare tuamque, 


120). Interrogative Use of Si. 
Si is sometimes used with interrogative force, ‘whether,’ intro- 
ducing an Indirect Question. 
1). With Indicative. 
Epist. I, 7, 39 
inspice, si possum donata reponere laetus. 


The Indicative is probably after the analogy of the Comic Poets, 
who commonly employ that mood in this connection. 


2). With Subjunctive. 

Serm. II, 5, 85-88 
ex testamento sic est elata: cadaver 
unctum oleo largo nudis umeris tulit heres, 


scilicet elabi si posset mortua ; credo, 
quod nimium institerat viventi. 


Si posset depends, not directly upon tulit heres, but upon the thought 
implied in ex testamento sic est elata. It was in accordance with the 


13 


98 


terms of the will that her heir thus bore her corpse; she wished to see 
whether after death she could slip away from him, she had never been 
able to do so while alive. 


Epist. I, 6, 40-42 


Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, 
si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus, 
‘qui possum tot?’ ait; 


Epist. I, 17, 4-5 
tamen aspice siquid 
et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loqguamur. 


Epist. IL, 1, 164 


Temptavit quoque rem si digne vertere posset, 


121). Si with the Indicative is often used in conditions as to the 
truth or reality of which there is no doubt: ‘If, as is certainly the 
case, as is surely a fact,’ or the like. The inference as to the reality 
of the condition is left to the reader or hearer, thus producing a livelier 
impression than would be the case had it been directly stated as a fact. 


C. S. 65-68 


Si Palatinas videt aequos aras, 

Remque Romanam Latiumque felix 

Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper 
Prorogat aevom. 


i. e. as surely as Apollo looks with favor upon the Roman State. 
Sovalso: Od. 1, 1, 292342, \Epod: XV, 12: Serm.o1; 79, 22-05 0 
3, 00, Hpist. 1, 1851: 


2). Ina Formula of Earnest Request. 
Serm. I, 9, 38 
‘Sime amas,’ inquit, ‘ paulum hic ades.’ 
Here, however, the assumption is not warranted by the facts. 
3). Similar is the use of si with the Indicative in statements of the 


speaker in regard to himself, a fact being modestly expressed as a 
hypothesis. 


Serm. I, 6, 68-71 


si neque avaritiam neque sordes ac mala lustra 
obiciet vere quisquam mihi, purus et insons, 
ut me conlaudem, si et vivo carus amicis: 
causa fuit pater his, 


So Serm. II, 2, 8 


122). In some instances si has a causal force, being nearly equiva- 
lent in meaning to ‘seeing that,’ or ‘since.’ 


1). Od. I} 3, 21-24 


Nequicquam deus abscidit 
Prudens Oceano dissociabili 
Terras, sitamen impiae 
Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. 
i. e. If, as is the case (since), ships course over the waves, it is a 
proof that Providence has to no purpose set apart the lands from the 
sea. 


Od, IL, 1, 41-48 


Quodsi dolentem nec Phrygius lapis 
Nec purpurarum sidere clarior 
Delenit usus nec Falerna 
Vitis Achaemeniumque costum : 
Cur invidendis postibus et novo 
Sublime ritu moliar atrium? 
Cur valle permutem Sabina 
Divitias operosiores? 


Here the Protasis states the reason why the course of action indi- 
cated by the Apodosis should not be adopted. ‘Since wealth has no 
power to soothe the troubled mind, why should I desire it?’ 


Od. Il], 24, 5-8 


Si figit adamantinos 
Summis verticibus dira Necessitas 
Clavos, non animum metu, 
Non mortis laqueis expedies caput. 
Si has a causal force, the clause s7 figit, &c., explaining non expedies. 
‘Although you may be the possessor of boundless wealth, since 
Destiny overtakes all alike, you will not escape from death.’ 


Miso, Epist. E, 11)... IL, 24178. 


100 


2). In an adjuration. 


Epod. 14, 13-15 


ARS ach ae quodsi non pulchrior ignis 
Accendit obsessam Ilion, 
Gaude sorte tua: 


i. e. If, as is undoubtedly the case (since), your mistress is as fair 
as Helen, rejoice in your happy lot. 


3). {In appeals and prayers sz with the Indicative is sometimes used 
in a merely formal condition, implying no doubt as to its fulfilment. 
The condition, rather, is assumed as a fact and is made to serve as a 
reason for the granting of the favor asked. 


a). With an Imperative in the Apodosis. 
Od. I, 32, 1-4 


Poscimur. Siquid vacui sub umbra 

Lusimus tecum, quod et hunc in annum 

Vivat et pluris, age dic Latinum, 
Barbite, carmen, 


Also, C. 8. 37-48 

b). An Optative Subjunctive in the Apodosis. 
Od. II, 18, 1-8 

ce). A Formula Orandi in the Apodosis. 
. Serm. II, 6, 6-13. 


125). In negative sentences an Indicative Protasis sometimes stands 
assuming a fact which is declared in the Apodosis to be no reason for 
another fact. (Cf. Lane, Lat. Gram. § 2067). The negative begins 
the period, and sz has more or less of a causal or concessive force. 


Odell; LOPES 


Non, si male nunc, et olim 
Sic erit: 


i. e. if things go ill now, it does not follow that they will do so 


hereafter. 


Od. IIT, 15, 7-8 


Non, siquid Pholoen satis 
Et te, Chlori, decet: 


101 


i.e. if (because) a thing is becoming to Pholoe, it does not follow 
that it will be so to Chloe. 


Oe EV 95. 90-5 


Non, si priores Maeonius tenet 
Sedes Homerus, Pindaricae latent 
Ceaeque et Alcaei minaces 
Stesichorique graves Camenae ; 


i. e. because Homer has a higher place, it does not follow that 
others are lost to sight. 


124). Si sometimes involves a concessive force, approaching ‘ even 
Wasa. Ss tee 
if,’ or ‘although,’ in meaning. 


peoment 65,425 1.907. I, 3, 319. Epist. I, 1, 32: 


125). Si sometimes has a quasi-temporal sense, involving both a 
conditional and a temporal force. 


Serm. II, 3, 9-10 


Atqui voltus erat multa et praeclara minantis, 
si vacuum tepido cepisset villula tecto. 


In Epist. I, 7, 10 sz seems to have a purely temporal force, * when.’ 


Quodsi bruma nives Albanis inlinet agris, 
ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet 
contractusque leget ; 


126). Si=sin. Sin, ‘ but if,’ ‘if on the other hand,’ does not oceur 
in Horace. In several instances si occurs with the force of siz, where 
one condition is opposed to another. 

a). Serm.I, 3,6. Epist. I, 5,6. I, 10, 43 (st minor). I, 
ele ed EE 6G: 


b). Twice where no express statement of condition precedes. 
Od. IIT, 29, 53-56 


Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit 
Pinnas, resigno quae dedit et mea 
Virtute me involvo probamque 

Pauperiem sine dote quaero. 


Manentem implies a condition to which si quatit is opposed. 


102 


Fpist. I, 2, 37-39 
Nam cur, 
quae laedunt oculum, festinas demere: siquid 
est animum, differs curandi tempus in annum? 
A conditional idea is implied in the first clause to which the condi- 
tion introduced by sz is opposed. 
c). In Epod. 1, 5-6 the second condition is introduced by sz 
contra. 
In Serm. II, 3, 74-76 contra alone, with omission of conditional 
particle, follows the preceding condition. 


B. Si Forte, Si Modo, etc. 


127). Si, early sez,is a Locative particle, primitive form *sva—7. For 
the origin of its use as a conjunction cf. Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 
394. Sic is formed from si by the addition of the enclitic ¢ (e). 


The force of si is more precisely determined by the use of various 
particles as si modo, si tamen, si forte, etc. 


128). SI FORTE. Forte isan adverbial Ablative (or Instrumental, 
Bennett, Lat. Gram. App. § 257, 3) of the Nominative fors, and 
when used in combination with s7 adds an element of vagueness or 
uncertainty tothe condition: ‘if perhaps,’ ‘if haply.’ Si forte frequent- 
ly occurs in the Satires and Epistles, it is not found in the Odes or 
Epodes. 


a). Serm. I, 4,104. II, 3, 92-938. II, 5, 70. Epist. I, 1, 
95, SES 18s i, Ones) MUL hls 7 ae eho: 
Aa PY as. 120: 


b). Sometimes forte is separated from sz by the intervention of 
one or more words. 


Serm. I, 1, 46-48. 11, 3, 273. 1,7, 29. BHpist. FT, 13,16: 
So siquis (quid) forte. 
Serm. II, 5, 106-107. II, 8, 25. Epist. II, 2, 2. 
c). In one instance forte stands before sz. 


Epist. I, 20, 26. 


103 


129). SZ MODO. In derivation modo is probably an Instrumental 
for *mod6 where the 6 arose by contraction from *modo—d, modo then 
becoming modé6 through the influence of the preceding short syllable. 
Si modo is first used by Cicero, occurs also in Caesar, Sallust, and 
rarely in Livy. By these writers it is generally construed with the 
Indicative. 
In Propertius and Ovid it is often found in connection with the Sub- 
junctive. 
Si modo serves to introduce a limitation upon the thought contained 
in the proposition to which it is annexed. 
a). With Indicative. 
Serm- I 3, 71s “Al P. 202. 
b). With the Subjunctive, in the sense of dummodo. 
Serm. 1, 2,74. Epist. I, 1, 40. 


130). SZ TAMEN. Tamen bears a close relationship to tam, which 
in Old Latin often has the force of tamen. (For a discussion of the 
various theories as to its derivation cf. Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 
601.) 

Si tamen occurs three times in Horace. 


Odat 3.23, ‘Bpist. 1, 2,24. Ao P. 386. 


131). SI VERO. Si vero occurs but once in Horace, A. P. 422, 
where vero is purely adversative and does not, as some editors think, 
introduce a climax. 


132). QUODSI. Quodsi, + but if, ‘and if,’ ‘now if,’ connects the 
sentence before which it stands with the preceding. 

The origin of guod in this connection is doubtful. Some regard it 
as the Accusative Singular Neuter of the relative pronoun. 

On the other hand, Ritschl, Newe Plautinische Excurse, p. 57, and 
Bergk, Philologus, Vol. XIV, p. 185, support the view that it is the 
old form of the Ablative, ‘therefore,’ ‘accordingly.’ 

In reference to the use of quodsi by the poets, Reisig, Lateinische 
Syntax, § 212, says: ‘* Das sorgfaltige Anreihen an das Vorgehende 
und das demonstrierende Weiterschliessen, was in diesem ‘ quod’ 


104 


liegt, ist ganzlich unpoetisch. Bei Vergil findet es sich nur selten; bei 
Horaz nur einmal.” 


This statement must, however, be essentially modified. Quwodsi oc- 
eurs in Plautus (ef. Trin. 217) and Terence (Andr. 258. Eun. 924. 
Phorm. 201.) 


It is found also in Lucretius, at least 20 times (often in connection 
with forte), Vergil, Catullus (3), Tibullus (2), 3 times in the Carmina 
Pseudotibulliana, 26 times in Ovid, 20 times in Propertius, also in 
Juvenal, Persius, Martial, and Phaedrus (at least 5 times in the 
latter). 

In Horace J find 17 instances of quods: (not including Od. I, 24, 
13, where quid si is the better reading, nor’ Serm. J, 1, 43, where 
quod probably has the force of at id); twice in the Odes, J, 1, 35. 
Itf, J, 41, four times in the Epodes; 1.395 X¢ 270. Xai: 
XIV, 13; once in the Satires, //, 4, 6; ten times in the Epistles, 
Tl, £0 (quodst. forte), yy VON Te 03, 20.) ey inl O. ee lear 
Daa OPT TN ile, LOL Oa LEE, GO. Swe eas 
does not occur in the Ars Poetica. 

In prose guodsi occurs first in Cicero, who uses it very frequently, 
then in Nepos, Caesar, and Sallust. In Livy it is rare, as also in the 
later writers. 


CHAP PER VI. 


Implied Conditions. 


133). A condition may be implied in an adjective, participle, abla- 
tive, etc., or in the general nature of the thought. 


134). Condition implied in a noun. 
a). Nominative. 


Epod. I, 15-18 
Roges, tuum labore quid iuvem meo 
Inbellis ac firmus parum? 
Comes minore sum futurus in metu, 
Qui maior absentis habet ; 

Comes: i. e. si comes ero. Roges is best taken, not as hypothetic, 
but as Subjunctive in an Indignant Question. We may suppose 
Maecenas to have said: ‘ What aid can you be to me?’ ‘This ques- 
tion Horace takes up in the words Roges—parum ? 


A. P. 234-235 


Non ego inornata et dominantia nomina solum 
verbaque, Pisones, Satyrorum scviptor amabo, 


b). Ablative. 
Od. 1,15 W1=L3 


Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo 
Agros Attalicis condictonibus 
Numquam demoveas, 


A Protasis to demoveas is implied in Attalicis condicionibus. 


135). Condition implied in an adjective. 
Serm. I, 6, 26 
Invidia adcrevit, privato quae minor esset. 


14 


106 


Serm. IT, 1, 47-49 


Cervius zvatus leges minitatur et urnam, 
Canidia Albuci, quibus est inimica, venenum, 
grande malum Turius, siquid se iudice certes. 


Tratus, with conditional force, is felt also with Twrius. 


Serm. II, 2, 71-73 
Nam variae res 
ut noceant homini credas, memory illius escae, 
quae simplex olim tibi sederit: 


Serm. II, 5, 95 

Eee Micselatasteeie easton: aurem substringe doguact. 
Epist. I, 1, 8 

‘solve senescentem mature sanus equum, .... 
Epist. I, 1, 29 

non tamen idcirco contemnas /ippus inungui; 
Fpist. I, 10, 44 

Laetus sorte tua vives sapienter, Aristi, 
Epist. I, 14, 29-30 


addit opus pigvo rivus, si decidit imber, 
multa mole docendus aprico parcere prato. 


Epist. I, 20, 16 


Ei seKt iets quis enim zzvitum servare laboret? 


serpit humi ¢wfws nimium /imidusque procellae ; 


A. P. 319-322 


Interdum sfeciosa locis morataque recte 
fabula nullius veneris, sine pondere et arte, 
valdius oblectat populum meliusque moratur, 
quam versus inopes rerum nugaeque canorae. 


A. P. 380 


indoctusque pilae discive trochive quiescit, 


A. P. 385 


Tu nihil zzvita dices faciesve Minerva; 


A. P. 419-421 


Ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas, 
adsentatores iubet ad lucrum ire poeta 
dives agris, dives positis in faenore nummis. 


A. P. 467 


invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. 
Od. III, 14, 27-28 


Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa 
Consule Planco. 


136). Condition implied in uter. 
Serm. IT, 3, 180-181 


uter aedilis fueritve 
vestrum praetor, is intestabilis et sacer esto. 


serm. If, 5, 27-30 
Magna minorve foro si res certabitur olim, 
vivet wer locuples sine gnatis, improbus, ultro 


qui meliorem audax vocet in ius, illius esto 
defensor ; 


137). Condition implied in an Ablative Absolute. 
Od. IV, 5, 25-27 


Quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen, 
Quis Germania quos horrida parturit 
Fetus, zzcolumt Caesare ? 


Od ary > 8; 1-6 


Donarem pateras grataque commodus, 
Censorine, meis aera sodalibus, 
Donarem tripodas, praemia fortium 
Graiorum, neque tu pessima munerum 
Ferres, divite me scilicet artium, 

Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas, 


Serm. I, 1, 69-70 
Mutato nomine de te 
fabula narratur: 
Serm. I, 1, 74-75 
adde, 
guis humana sibi doleat natura xegatis. 


108 


Serm. I, 2, 134 
Deprendi miserum est: Fado vel iudice vincam. 


A concessive force is here prominent. 


Serm. II, 3, 66-68 


‘Accipe quod numquam reddas mihi’ si tibi dicam, 
tune insanus eris si acceperis, an magis excors 
reiecta praeda, quam praesens Mercurius fert? 


Serm. II, 4, 81-82 


vilibus in scopis, in mappis, in scobe quantus 
consistit sumptus? Vec/ectis, flagitium ingens. 


EKpist. II, 2, 133-134 
posset qui ignoscere servis 
et s7gno laeso non insanire lagoenae, 


Signo laeso may be taken as conditional or causal. 


138). Very often a participle has a conditional force. 


A. Present Participle. 
Od. III, 3, 61-62 


Troiae renascens alite lugubri 
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur, 


Ode TT, 29, 33-54. 

Laudo manentem ; si celeris quatit 

Pinas Tesigno: cet.) ee ee 
perm, 1°10;-5 

Nec tamen hoc ¢vibwens dederim quoque cetera: 
Epist. I. 18, 91-92 


[potores bibuli media de nocte Falerni] 
oderunt porrecta zegantem pocula, 


A. P. 26-27 
Sectantem levia nervi 
deficiunt animique ; 


B. Perfect Participle. 
Od. III, 5, 25-26 


Auro repensus scilicet acrior 
Miles redibit. 


109 


A Perfect Participle often occurs involving the force of a General 
Condition. 

Cf. neclectus, Od. II, 2, 30. medicata, Od. III, 5, 28. vocata, 
Ode Hii, 2253. srelsehs, Epod. I, 21. rogat,'Serm:. I, 3," 2: 
vitiata, Serm. II, 4, 54. imiussi, Serm. I, 3, 3. neclecta, Epist. I, 
18,85. Cf. also, eswriens, Serm. I, 2, 115. postto pavone, Serm. II, 
2, 23. «wmpransus, Epist. I, 15, 29. 

Serm. I, 2, 105-106 


‘Leporem venator ut alta 
in nive sectetur, positum sic tangere nolit’ 


perm. ©, 2, 1Pl=113 


Nonne, cupidinibus statuat natura modum quem, 
quid latura, sibi quid sit dolitura negatum, 
quaerere plus prodest et inane abscindere soldo? 


Serm. II, 5, 104-105 
Sepulcrum 

permissum arbitrio sine sordibus extrue: 

Epist. Ty 1, 23-26 
sic mihi tarda fluunt ingrataque tempora, quae spem 
consiliumque morantur agendi naviter id quod 
aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, 
aeque weclectum pueris senibusque nocebit. 

Epist. I, 10, 30-31 
Quem res plus nimio delectavere secundae, 


mutatae quatient. 


Fpist. II, 1, 180-181 
Valeat res ludicra, si me 
palma zegata macrum, donata reducit opimum. 


Ae P26 


Ber ueeahals, sree cleat) atens ane professus grandia turget ; 


BOE AA OEE dabiturque licentia swmpta pudenter: 


A. P. 240-242 


Ex noto fictum carmen sequar, ut sibi quivis 
speret idem, sudet multum frustraque laboret 
ausus idem : 


110 


A. P. 365 


haec placuit semel, haec deciens repetita placebit. 


C. Future Participle. 
Od. II, 6, 1-4 


Septimi, Gadis aditure mecum et 

Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et 

Barbaras Syrtis, ubi Maura semper 
Aestuat unda: 


aditure, i. e. si opus sit, ready to go. Cf. Od. IV, 3, 20. 
Serm. I, 10, 72-73 


Saepe stilum vertas, iterum quae digna legi sint 
scripturus, 


Cf. Serm. IT, 8, 44 


‘capta est,’ deterior post partum carne futura. 


i.e. quae quidem carne deterior esset, si post partum capta esset. 


139). Gerund implying a condition. 
Od. IT, 2, 9-10 
Latius regnes avidum domando 
Spiritum, quam si 


Od. II, 10, 1-4 


Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum 

Semper urgendo neque, dum procellas 

Cautus horrescis, nimium premendo 
Litus iniquom. 


140). Condition implied in an adverb. 
a). Od. II, 10, 22-24 


saptenter idem 
Contrahes vento nimium secundo 
Turgida vela. 


Contrahes: the Future has imperative force. 
Serm. I, 10, 5-6 


Nec tamen hoc tribuens dederim quoque cetera: nam sic 
et Laberi mimos ut pulchra poemata mirer. 


aif 


b). Sic is often used, especially in petitions and prayers, to anticipate 
or resume a condition, upon the fulfilment of which a promise or wish 
is made, or a blessing invoked. 


1. The sic clause precedes the clause containing the condition. 
Od: E,'3, 1-8 


Sic te diva potens Cypri, 

Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, 
Ventorumque regat pater 

Obstrictis aliis praeter Iapyga, 
Navis, quae tibi creditum. 

Debes Vergilium, finibus Atticis 
Reddas incolumem precor 

Et serves animae dimidium meae. 


i.e. If you bring Vergil safe to Attica (vss. 6-8),—on this condi- 
tion—may the deities guide you and may your voyage be prosperous. 


Serm. II, 3, 800-302 


Stoice, post damnum sic vendas omnia pluris, 
qua me stultitia, quoniam non est genus unum, 
insanire putas? 
i.e. On this condition, viz: that you answer my question, may you 
sell your property to advantage. 


2. The sic clause follows the clause containing the condition. 


Od. I, 28, 23-27 


At tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus harenae 
Ossibus et capiti inhumato 

Particulam dare: sic, quaodcumque minabitur Eurus 
Fluctibus Hesperiis, Venusinae 

Plectantur silvae te sospite, 


i.e. If you grant my prayer (at-dare), on this condition, may, etc. 
3. The condition is explicitly stated in a following clause with sv. 
Epist. I, 7, 69-70 


‘Sic ignovisse putato 
me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.’ 


. 
4. Jta is used in a like manner. 
Serm. IT, 2, 124-125 


ac venerata Ceres, ita culmo surgeret alto, 
explicuit vino contractae seria frontis. 


112 


Surgeret is a quotation in Oratio Obliqua of the prayer, ‘swrgas,’ in 
Oratio Recta. ‘Ita Ceres alto culmo surgas: seria frontis nobis explica. 


141). Aut is twice used elliptically, implying a following condition. 
Odi 2 les 


Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci 
Mala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis 
Patruae verbera linguae. 


Aut: i.e. or (if they do). 
Od. III, 24, 24 
Et peccare nefas aut pretium est mori. 


i.e. aut (si peccatur). 


142). Vel twice occurs in a conditional sense, with a meaning closely 
corresponding to its etymology, ‘if you (he) will.’ 


Od. III, 11, 47-48 


Me vel extremos Numidarum in agros 
Classe releget. 


Epist. I, 5, 14-15 
Potare et spargere flores 
incipiam patiarque vel inconsultus haberi. 


143). A Conditional Protasis may be involved in a phrase. 
Od. IV, 14, 1-6 


Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium 
Plenis honorum muneribus tuas, 
Auguste, virtutes in aevom 
Per titulos memoresque fastus 


Aeternet, o qua sol habitabilis 


Illustrat oras, maxime principum ? 


Aeternet forms the Apodosis to a Protasis involved in plenis honorum 
muneribus. 


Serm. II, 4, 35-36 


Nec sibi cenarum quivis temere arroget artem, 
non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum. 


113 


Arroget is Potential Subjunctive, forming the Apodosis to a Protasis 
involved in vs. 36. 


144). Special mention may be made of the construction in Od. I, 2, 22 


> > oe 


Audiet civis acuisse ferrum, 
Quo graves Persae melius perirent, 


Here perirent serves as Protasis to an Apodosis involved in melius. 


145). A condition may be involved in the general meaning of the 
context. 


Serm. I, 6, 85-87 


nec timuit, sibi ne vitio quis verteret, olim 
si praeco parvas aut, ut fuit ipse, coactor 
mercedes sequerer: neque ego essem questus ; 


i.e. Nor should I have complained, if it had turned out so. 


Serm. I, 6, 100-104 


Nam mihi continuo maior quaerenda foret res 
atque salutandi plures, ducendus et unus 

et comes alter, uti ne solus rusve peregreve 
exirem, plures calones atque caballi 

pascendi, ducenda petorrita. 


A Protasis may be supplied from the preceding (93-99) : For forth- 
with (i.e. if I were a distinguished man), I should have to acquire a 
larger fortune, etc. 


Epist. I, 2, 37-39. Cf. § 126. 
A. P. 136-139 


Nec sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim: 
‘fortunam Priami cantabo et nobile bellum.’ 
Quid dignum tanto feret hic promissor hiatu? 
Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. 


i.e. (If you do begin so), it will be a case of mountains in labor, ete. 


A. P. 265-268 


Idcircone vager scribamque licenter, an omnis 
visuros peccata putem mea, tutus et intra 
spem veniae cautus? Vitavi denique culpam, 
non laudem merui. 


~ 


10s 


114 


A. P. 427-428 
nolito ad versus tibi factos ducere plenum 


laetitiae; clamabit enim ‘pulchre! bene! recte!”’ 


146). IMPERATIVE IN A CHALLENGE. The Imperative is 
sometimes used in an ironical exhortation or admonition to do some- 
thing which, after what has been said, or under the existing conditions, 
is out of all reason, or even inconceivable. A Protasis, as si potes is 
implied. 

Serm. II, 2, 14-15 


cum labor extuderit fastidia, siccus, inanis 
sperne cibum vilem ; 


i.e. Under such conditions scorn, if you can, plain food. 


Epist. I, 6, 17-18 


I nunc, argentum et marmor vetus aeraque et artes 
suspice, cum gemmis Tyrios mirare colores ; 


Epist. II, 2, 76 


i nunc et versus tecum meditare canoros! 


115 


CEA Bik “LX. 


Parataxis. 


147). There remain those cases in which sentences are expressed as 
independent and co-crdinate, instead of being subordinated one to the 
other by means of conditional particles. 

This usage is not to be explained by the omission of si, but is a sur- 
vival from the early paratactice stage of language which was character- 
ized by the absence of connecting particles, and where sentences of 
different syntactic value were placed side by side, leaving it to the 
hearer to infer the logical connection between them. Cf. § 8. 

Kiihner, Lat. Gram. § 178, distinguishes two varieties of Parataxis : 

1. Rhetorical, or Artistic, used to give a particular effect, and 
occurring with greater or less frequency throughout Latin literature. 

2. Natural, arising from an ease or carelessness in the expression 
of thought; found most often in authors who employ the colloquial 
style in their writings, as in the Comic Poets, especially Plautus, in 
the Satires and Epistles of Horace, in the Satires of Juvenal, and in 
the philosophical dialogues and the letters of Cicero. 

This co-ordinate structure occurs in the writings of Horace in all 
moods and tenses, except the Imperfect Indicative. 


I. Indicative in the First Sentence. 


148). Present Indicative-Present Indicative. 


a). First Person. 


A. P. 25-26 


brevis esse laboro, 
obscurus fio ; 


b). Second Person. 


116 


Serm. IT, 3, 258-259 


Porrigis irato puero cum poma, recusat ; 
‘sume, catelle.’ Negat. 


i.e. (If you say) ‘Take them,’ he refuses. 


Epist. I, 1, 36-37 


Laudis amore tumes: sunt certa piacula, quae te 
ter pure lecto poterunt recreare libello. 


ec). Third Person. 
Serm. I, 3, 49-51 


Ineptus 
et iactantior hic paulo est: concinnus amicis 
postulat ut videatur. 


Serm. I, 3, 56-58 


Probus quis 
nobiscum vivit, multum demissus homo; illi 
tardo cognomen pingui damus. 


Serm. I, 3, 58-62 


Hic fugit omnis 
insidias nullique malo latus obdit apertum, 
cum genus hoc inter vitae versetur, ubi acris 
invidia atque vigent ubi crimina: pro bene sano 
ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus. 


Serm. I, 3, 65-66 


Simplicior quis et est, qualem me saepe libenter 
obtulerim tibi, Maecenas, ut forte legentem 

aut tacitum impellat quovis sermone molestus: 
‘communi sensu plane caret’ inquimus. 


Serm, II, 8, 64-65 
insanit veteres statuas Damasippus emendo: 
integer est mentis Damasippi creditor? Esto. 
Serm. I], 6, 50-51 


Frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor: 
quicumque obyius est, me consulit: 


Epist. I, 1, 33-35 
Fervet avaritia miseroque cupidine pectus: 


sunt verba et voces quibus hunc lenire dolorem 
possis et magnam morbi deponere partem. 


11? 


Hpist. 1, 1, 87-88 


Lectus genialis in aula est: 
nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita ; 


Epist. I, 2, 32-33 


Ut iugulent hominem, surgunt de nocte latrones: 
ut te ipsum serves, non expergisceris? 


Epist. I, 16, 35 
“Pone, meum est’ inquit: pono tristisque recedo. 
Hpist. II, 2, 77-80 
scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fugit urbem, 
rite cliens Bacchi somno gaudentis et umbra: 
tu me inter strepitus nocturnos atque diurnos 
vis canere et contracta sequi vestigia vatum ? 


Ane O29 
\ Redit uncia, quid fit ?’ 


149). Present Indicative—Future Indicative. 
a). Third Person. 
Serm. II, 2, 16-18 


Foris est promus, et atrum 
defendens piscis hiemat mare: cum sale panis 
latrantem stomachum bene leniet. 


Epist. I, 1, 57-59 


Est animus tibi, sunt mores et lingua fidesque, 
sed quadringentis sex septem milia desunt: 
plebs eris. 


150). Present Indicative—Imperative. 
a). Third Person. 
Serm. II, 5, 96-97 


Importunus amat laudari: donec ‘ ohe iam!’ 
ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge : 


b). Second Person. 
Epist. I, 6, 31-32 


Virtutem verba putas et 
jucum ligna: cave ne portus occupet alter, 


151). 
1): 
a). 


118 


Present Indicative—Present Subjunctive. 
Potential Subjunctive. 
Third Person. 


Serm. I, 3, 29-32 


b). 


Serm. 


Serm. 


Serm 


3. 


a). 


Epist 


Iracundior est paulo, minus aptus acutis 
naribus horum hominum; rideri possit eo quod 
rusticius tonso toga defluit et male laxus 

in pede calceus haeret ; 


Jussive Subjunctive. 


Second Person. 


16, 15217 


Forte, quod expediat, communiter aut melior pars 
Malis carere quaeritis laboribus : 
Nulla sit hac potior sententia : 


Third Person. 
I, 3, 49 


Parcius hic vivit: frugi dicatur. 


I, 3, 51-52 
At est truculentior atque 
plus aequo liber: simplex fortisque habeatur. 
I, 3, 53 


Caldior est: acris inter numeretur. 


Subjunctive in a Rhetorical Question. 
Third Person. 


II, 2, 81-86 


Ingenium, sibi quod vacuas desumpsit Athenas 

et studiis annos septem dedit insenuitque 

libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit 

plerumque et risu populum qnatit: hic ego rerum 
fluctibus in mediis et tempestatibus urbis 

verba lyrae motura sonum conectere digner? 


Present Indicative— 


Second Person. 


119 


Serm. II, 2, 94-96 


Das aliquid famae, quae carmine gratior aurem 
occupet humanam: grandes rhombi patinaeque 
grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus. 


The second member is suppressed. The thought is: You have 
some regard for good repute, I suppose; if you have, bear it well in 
mind that gluttony leads to disgrace and ruin. 


153). Perfect Indicative—Perfect Indicative of a Preteritive Verb— 
Present Indicative. 


a). Third Person. 
Serm. I, 3, 84-86 


paulum deliquit amicus 
(quod nisi concedas, habeare insuavis): acerbus 
odisti et fugis ut Rusonem debitor aeris, 
154). Perfect Indicative—Future Indicative. 


a). Second Person. 


Serm. II, 7, 68 
Evasti: credo, metues doctusque cavebis; 


155). Perfect Indicative—Present Subjunctive. 
a). Third Person. 


Serm. I, 3, 90-94 


Commixit lectum potus mensave catillum 
Euandri manibus tritum deiecit: ob hanc rem, 
aut positum ante mea quia pullum in parte catini 
sustulit esuriens, minus hoc iucundus amicus 
sit mihi? 

156). Pluperfect Indicative— 

a). Second Person. 
Epist. II, 2, 151-154 
audieras, cui 

rem di donarent, illi decedere pravam 


stultitiam, et cum sis nihilo sapientior, ex quo 
plenior es, tamen uteris monitoribus isdem ? 


The Apodosis of audieras is to be supplied from the text, ‘*Would 
you believe it?” or the like. 


120 


157). Pluperfect Indicative— (Imperfect Indicative) - 
a). Third Person. 
Serm. IT, 6, 48-49 


Ludos spectaverat una, 
luserat in campo: ‘Fortunae filius!’ omnes. 
Omnes - sc. clamabant, or dicebant. 


158). Future Indicative—Future Indicative. 
a). Second Person. 
Fpist. I, 10, 24-25 


Naturam expelles furca, tamen usque recurret 
et mala perrumpet furtim fastidia victrix. 


159). Future Indicative—Imperative. 
). Third Person. 
Serm. II, 5, 74-75 


Scribet mala carmina vecors: 
laudato. 


Serm. [9579-76 


Scortator erit: cave te roget; ultro 
Penelopam facilis potiori trade.’ 


160). Future Perfect Indicative—Future Indicative. 
a). Third Person. 
Serm. I, 1, 45-46 


Milia frumenti tua triverit area centum, 
non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus, 


Serm. II, 3, 292-294 


Casus medicusve levarit 
aegrum ex praecipiti: mater delira necabit 
in gelida fixum ripa febremque reducet. 


II. Subjunctive in the First Sentence. 


161). Present Subjunctive—Present Subjunctive. 


a). Second Person. 


121 


Epist. I, 1, 28-29 


Non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus : 
non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungui ; 


Possis: conditional or concessive. 


162). Present Subjunctive—Perfect Subjunctive. 
a). Third Person. 


Serm. II, 3, 57-60 


Clamet amica, 
mater, honesta soror, cum cognatis pater, uxor: 
‘hic fossa est ingens, hic rupes maxima: serva!’ 
Non magis audierit, quam Fufius 


Clamet: conditional or eoncessive. 


163). Present Subjunctive—Present Indicative. 


a). Second Person. 


Od: 1V,. 4, 65 
Merses profundo: pulchrior evenit; 
164). Present Subjunctive—Future Indicative. 
a). Second Person. 
Od. IV, 4, 6668 


Luctere : multa proruet integrum 
Cum laude victorem geretque 
Proelia coniugibus loquenda 


Serm. I, 9, 54-58 
‘Velis tantummodo: quae tua virtus, 
expugnabis ; 


b). ‘Third Person. 
Serm. II, 2, 126-127 


Saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus : 
quantum hinc imminuet? 


Epist. I, 16, 54 
sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis. 


165). Perfect Subjunctive—Present Indicative. 


a). Second Person. 
16 


122 


Serm. II, 6, 39 


Dixeris: ‘Experiar:’ ‘Si vis, potes’ addit et instat. 


b). Third Person. 


Serm. II, 7, 32-35 
Iusserit ad se 

Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire 
convivam: ‘nemon oleum feret ocius? Ecquis 
audit?” cum magno blateras clamore fugisque. 

166). Imperfect Subjunctive—Imperfect Indicative. 

a). Second Person. 
A. P. 489-441 


Melius te posse negares, 
bis terque expertum frustra, delere iubebat 
et male tornatos incudi reddere versus. 

166, b). Imperfect Subjunctive— 
a). Third Person. 
Serm. I, 6, 19-22 


Namque esto, populus Laevino mallet honorem 
quam Decio mandare novo, censorque movyeret 
Appius, ingenuo si non essem patre natus: 

vel merito, quoniam in propria non pelle quiessem. 


Mallet and moveret have a conditional force and refer to 
time. The Apodosis is implied in vel merito. 
167). Pluperfect Subjunctive—Imperfect Indicative. 

a). Second Person. 


Serm. I, 3, 15-17 


Deciens centena dedisses 
huic parco, paucis contento: quinque diebus 
nil erat in loculis. 


III. Interrogative Parataxis. 
A question may be used with conditional force. 


168). Present Indicative—Future Indicative. 


a). Second Person. 


present 


123 


Serm. II, 3, 13-14 


Invidiam placare paras virtute relicta? 
Contemnere, miser! 


169). Present Indicative—Present Subjunctive. 


a). Second Person. 


Od. I, 27, 9-12 


Voltis severi me quoque sumere 
Partem Falerni? Dicat Opuntiae 
Frater Megyllae, quo beatus 
Volnere, qua pereat sagitta. 


Od. I, 28, 30-33 


Neclegis inmeritis nocituram 

Postmodo te natis fraudem committere? Forset 
Debita iura vicesque superbae 

Te maneaut ipsum : 


IV. Imperative in the First Sentence. 


170). Imperative—Present Indicative. 


Serm. I, 4, 25-26 


Quemvis media elige turba, 
aut ab avaritia aut misera ambitione laborat. 


Epist. I, 10, 32-33 


Fuge magna: licet sub paupere tecto 
reges et regum vita praecurrere amicos. 


171). Imperative—Future Indicative. 


Od. 1.22, 17-24 


Pone me, pigris ubi nulla campis 

Arbor aestiva recreatur aura, 

Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque 
Iuppiter urget ; 


Pone sub curru nimium propinqui 

Solis in terra domibus negata : 

Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, 
Dulce loquentem. 


Serm. II, 1, 53.54 


Scaevae vivacem crede nepoti 
matrem: nil faciet sceleris pia dextera 


Serm. II, 3, 69-71 


Scribe decem a Nerio: non est satis; adde Cicutae 
nodosi tabulas centum, mille adde catenas ; 
effugiet tamen haec sceleratus vincula Proteus. 


Serm. II, 7, 73-74 


Tolle periclum: 
iam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis. 


172). Imperative— 


Serm. I], 3, 275-276 


=- 


Adde cruorem 
stultitiae, atque ignem gladio scrutare. 


The Imperative has a hypothetical force, the conclusion is not ex- 
pressed: ‘Suppose them added,will you then be convinced that love 


is madness ?’ 


Nore. It is possible to regard some of the examples given above as 
having either a conditional or a concessive force. For instances of con- 


cessive Parataxis cf. Od. I/II. 29, 44-48., Serm. I, 10, 64sqq., Epist. I, 2, 
38-39., I, 1, 81-82. 


SUMMARY. 
































I. Indeterminate Periods. 
1. SI. 

Mood. Mood. Mood. Tense. Tense. Times 
Prot.&Apod.,| Protasts. Apodosis. | Protasts. Apodosis. Used. 
INDIC. PRES. PRES. 51 

PERF. 
INDIC. PRES. Novisti. 3 
INDIC. PRES. Fur. 17 
: { PRES. 12 
INDIC. IMPV. PRES. ) Fur. ; 
INDIC. SUBJUNC. | PRES. PRES. 18 
INDIC. PERF. PRES. 16 
INDIC. PERF. PERF. 2 
| INDIC. ImMPv. See PRES. 2 
INDIC. SUBJUNC. | PERF. PRES. 2 
INDIC. IMPERF. IMPERF. I 
INDIC. Fur. PERE. I 
INDIC. Fut. Fur. 27 
PRES. 5 
INDIC. ImMpPV. Fur. | Fur. 2 
Memento. I 
INDIC. SUBJUNC. Fur. PRES. 4 
INDIC. Fur. PERF.| PRES. 3 
INDIC. Fur. PERF.| FUT. 21 
INDIC. Fut. PERF.| Fut. PERF. 2 
INDIC. SUBJUNC. Fut. PERF.| PRES. B 
SUBJUNC. PRES. PRES. 40 
SUBJUNC. INDIC. PRES. PRES. 8 
SUBJUNC. INDIC. PRES. Four. 4 
SUBJUNC. PERF. PRES. 3 
Supjunc. Conversion to Past Time.| IMPERF. IMPERF. 3 
Supyunc. |Conversion to Past Time.| PLUPERF. | IMPERF. 2 

General Past Conditions. 
Supyunc. | INDIC. IMPERF. IMPERF. 2 
2. SI NON. 

INDIC. PRES. PRES. 4 
INDIC. Odit. PRES. I 
INDIC. IMPV. Novisti. PRES. I 
INDIC. Fur. Fur. 2 
INDIC. Fut. PERF.| Fut. I 
SUBJUNC. PRES. PRES. I 








126 






























































3. NISI. 
Mood. Mood. Mood. Tense. Tense. Times 
Prot.&Apod.| Protasis. | Apodosts. | Protasis. Apodosis. Used. 

INDIC. PRES. PRES. 3 
INDIC. PRES. | For. I 
INDIC. Fut. PERF.| PRES. I 
INDIC. SuByunc. | Fut. PERF.| PRES. I 
SUBJUNC. PRES. PRES. I 
Supjunec. |Conversionto Past Time.) IMPERF. IMPERF. i 

4. NI. 
INDIC. PRES. PRES. I 
INDIC. PRES. Fur. 3 
INDIC. Fur. Fut. I 
SUBJUNC. INDIC. PRES. Fur. I 

II. Periods of Action Non-Occurrent. 

5. SI. 
SUBJUNC. IMPERF. IMPERF. 17 
SUBJUNC. PLUPERF. | IMPERF. 3 
SUBJUNC. PLUPERF. | PLUPERF. I 

6. SI NON. 
SUBJUNC. IMPERF. IMPERF. 2 
SUBJUNC. INDIC. PLUPERF. | PLUPERF. I 
7- NISI. 

SUBJUNC. PLUPERF. | PLUPERF. I 
SuBjUNC. | INDIC. PLUPERF. | PLUPERF. I 

8 NI. 
SUBJUNC. IMPERE. IMPERF. 2 
SUBJUNC. PLUPERF. | IMPERF. 2 








DABEE OF CONTENTS. 


(The numbers refer to sections.) 


Literature on the Conditional Sentence .....--.-... sere erent eee I-3 
TERMED UTIEENO Te A cr eicter occ eos clcne elem Soren eels ny ols erm, ehsuatn mse) ey elefoiebeiienaiien= = 4-6 
CHAPTER I. INDETERMINATE PROTASES. INDICATIVE USE. 
Conditional Periods. Origin .......:2..0 ees escc ses see ceneces 8 
Indeterminate Conditional Periods .............--- esses cee ees 9 
Classification of Indeterminate Periods with Indicative Protasis 10-27 
CHAPTER II. INDETERMINATE PROTASES. SUBJUNCTIVE USE. 
WIASS CALI OM oe cs, oesors eokerere sees Walkera’ ela) <cetega\lohs sien olajalehonodersts Roiecetae =)aarn 29-33 
Conversion to Past Time........ 2.22220. ceee eee cece cece cee eens 34-36 
CHAPTER III. . PROTASES OF ACTION NON-OCCURRENT. 


(ONS UEteEn Se) cl Be GSN AP Aa ne te COD Mecurcud mom cicrs cocladoc Amunio’ 38-42 


CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL CASES. 


Past General Conditions. ... 2... 6.062220 cece wee eee ewlee wens ener 43 
Conditional Periods in Oratio Obliqua ....-... sees eee cece eens 44 
Conditional Periods with Dependent Apodosis........-..-+++++5 45 
Complex Conditions..............-. ehgoddeda codnouce cnoc.éa000e¢ 46-52 
JO sales AGWeaaneig:lmlornse> 55.4 co dain od Oona cod gecoopeLe0os doou enone 53 
Wdversative Wse Of LVISE. . o-<cieciere male nies sin tesa) eee ss eieinisin yaiares 54-59 


CHAPTER V. PROTASES INTRODUCED BY SIVE. 


CE OAs ee TE as ORI OREO. Gor D see men ott 60-88 
QUANEO—SIVE . 6.0 ie cee ene ee cee tee een meee eens teen neces 89 
Sy 2 UIE GG IGT ee RE erepennpc como acincencnc,ccac cea. Melo-e 


CHAPTER VI. ELLIPTICAL CONDITIONS. 


Waniationcioh the ProtasiSe. «6. «serine 4 -/lslec ale rics oieleie st hel atrenele 95-100 
Variations of the Apodosis.....-.. 6s cece eect eee eee tree eee ees IOI-III 
UKTI ASE (ConiG bhi) Gann Genoeno louse oabnccoo aude Scco Sooo cKdoc [12-117 


SHABB os on Le ae eee 6 Bos BODE ROS EIOn nnn DoeOn pe manceriCacis asso 0I0¢ 118 


f es ¥ ‘ " a in a Fae i atk ele 
“WF aloe ¢ is Me pen AE ; i Mn aa bul x} 
| Be Nag EA ORD rc 
.) #2 ; 8 Vee 
ape sa Y 128 
3 CHAPTER VII. SPECIAL Uses oF Sz. 
(ae Conditional Protases After Verbs of Emotion ...............5 
rite Interrogative Use of Sz....... B12 SERS 356, Dae a Ne a ee 
: Sri! SRE ass the Case sat cree ee osc Sin) welete= fey 3 ene ne aoe 
Blasts SZ with Causal or Concessive Force ......- SP 4 de ors\e ie ese 
d iS7iwith)beniporal BOrce apres. Reel iia iret eee At Shy 
ee PS SPI nose wlese!a ni ojo wate re SEINE Ae ok se ses eve Phe h St 59 Leer 
fe: Etymology of Sz ......-....- hb 2 Boma oe BOR aoa tes c Ps ccc. 
re ESD UOTEEsualalnrele 4 sor vs ee entee ERINGTS SO Sic! s)ciels| Seinteheepe eee eters es 
SZ, HOU O xintolo nike Ber sie a ae Ae aaee eee Bee rsor 
on SS? 1amen....---- i are 35 CV teeta #5 3) 6.0. sob tele oonereoes eeaenee 
¥ SYA ADO att case er eet Sse BAREIS aoa ao Cran ee 
DU OM ST oad a on se tel ed SIRE ako ie) MCB Ones cree shine : 
Ae . 3 CHAPTER VIII. IMPLIED CONDITIONS. 
: Iniplied, Conditions. qm.) eet tele e eee oa ere “aethee 
; Imperative in a Challenge........-... eer LAT AL Hoo 2 
CHAPTER IX. PARATAXIS. 
Rit Indicative in the First Sentence........... nig pistols = serene been aoe 
, Subjunctive in the First Sentence..........-..--.---+-- ee 
Interrogative Parataxis.......... PSU oa tone" ARR eS at ict 168-169 
s oi) . Imperative in the First Sentence.......... Schau Speer eee sores Tonge La 


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